الفهرس 
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Abstract
The millimeter-wave band extends from 30-300 GHz providing up to multi-gigabytes of data transfer for short-range applications challenging researchers to work in this field. 5G technology is now commercially available, however, researchers are still working on such technologies and more advanced technologies to meet their standards and better performance. In October 2015, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) proposed the use of 24 GHz, 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz, 47 GHz, and 64-71 GHz bands for wireless broadband applications (FCC 15-138), and the auction was completed by March 2020. In March 2019, FCC allowed the use of Terahertz spectrum or 6G spectrum, 95 GHz – 3 THz, unlicensed for experimental use to allow engineers focusing on the next generation to start their work (FCC 19-44). In February 2021, FCC decided to work on freeing up 2.75 GHz of the 5G spectrum in 26 and 42 GHz bands and initiated to add more millimeter band spectrum in 70/80/90 GHz band for use in 5G services. Various researches were published but the majority with complicated designs that are very expensive and hard in manufacturing, however, they have low performance that do not satisfy the market needs.
In this research, various millimeter-wave antennas are presented with very high gain and directivity supporting huge bandwidth extending from 25 GHz to beyond 70 GHz that are suitable candidates for 5G and beyond technologies applications. All the proposed antennas are single layered and can be easily manufactured with vey low prices compared to the existing ones in the market. The main substrate used with all the proposed antennas is Rogers/Duroid RT 5880 of dielectric constant, εr, = 2.2 and loss tangent, tan δ, = 0.0009 having a fixed height of 0.787 mm. Three millimeter-wave antennas are proposed to meet the standardizations of 5G and advanced technologies
First, a modified version of the initially proposed Pharaonic Ankh-Key antenna is presented with updated parameters to overcome some manufacturing problems. This antenna has better performance over the operating bandwidth as well as the peak gain and radiation pattern for the whole spectrum. The antenna can support all bands between 26.3 – 27.6 GHz, 36.5 – 41 GHz, 43.8 – 46 GHz, and 51.5 GHz to beyond 70 GHz with peak gain between 7– 10.25 dBi along the operating spectrum. The antenna is single element with full ground structure and has overall dimensions of 18.7 mm x 12.75 mm x 0.787 mm.
Second, an updated model of the proposed antenna in this research with fewer band notches and more resonating frequencies. The antenna is also full grounded with the same overall dimensions (18.7 x 12.75 x 0.787 mm3) but can operate an all frequencies between 26.6 – 28.6 GHz, 36 – 38.3 GHz, and 49 GHz to beyond 70 GHz with peak gain between 8 – 10.25 dBi.
Third, a two-element Pharaonic Ankh-Key array antenna is proposed using the same structure of the second proposed antenna with slight modification to gain over the larger bandwidth. The antenna has overall dimensions of 18.7 mm x 18.5 mm x 0.787 mm. Each element is separately fed with 50Ω microstrip line operating in all bands between 25 GHz to beyond 70 GHz with two band notches between 29.3 – 34.2 GHz and 39.3 – 49 GHz, and peak gain between 10.25 – 12.2 dBi along the operating spectrum supporting MIMO applications.
All the proposed antennas are simulated and verified using three different simulators each have different solving technique; Ansys HFSS using FEM technique, CST Suite using FIT technique, and Mentor Graphics IE3D using MOM technique. All the antennas are then fabricated using Photolithographic technique and S-parameters were measured using ZVA-67 (Vector Network Analyzer of range from 10 MHz to 67 GHz). The simulated and measured results of all antennas showed very good agreement, thus they all can support 5G, and beyond technologies applications.