الفهرس 
Qualitative and quantitative detection for bacteria and bacterial endotoxin using laser and microwave spectroscopy
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Abstract
This work presents two novel methods, the first method uses electromagnetic waves in the ultra wide band (UWB) region of the microwave spectrum to detect and identify bacteria and bacterial endotoxins. The developed method is based on the properties of interaction between organic materials and electromagnetic waves. The interaction is measured quantitatively and qualitatively. The scattered parameters of sample network are measured and cepstrum coefficients are estimated for the analysis of the scattered parameters signals energies. The second method based on raman spectroscopy to detect and identify bacteria and bacterial endotoxin. It uses the frequency properties of Raman scattering through the interaction between organic materials and electromagnetic waves. The scattered intensities are measured and wave number converted into frequency, then the cepstral coefficients are extracted for both the detection and identification. The methodology depends on normalization of Fourier transformed cepstral signal to extract their classification features. Numerical simulation and practical experiments{u2019} results proved effective identification and detection of bacteria bacterial endotoxin even with concentrations as low as 0.0003 endotoxin unit (EU) / ml and 1 Colony forming unit (CFU) / ml using signal processing based enhancement techniques for both methods