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Abstract
Fifty wheat grain samples were collected from local auction market throughout the five Gaza governorates for isolation and identification of fungi as well as evaluation of aflatoxin levels contaminated wheat grain samples using HPLC technique, the obtained results indicated that the most common molds isolated from different wheat grain samples were; Aspergillus flavus 84%, Aspergillus parasiticus 72%, Fusarium oxysporum 64%, Aspergillus niger 48%, Alternaria alternata 36%, Penicillium 22%, Aspergillus ochraceus 20% and Aspergillus versicolor 4%. Twinty-two percent wheat grain samples showed AFs contamination higher than the EU permissible limits (>4ng/g) and ten percent of samples showed AFB₁ contamination above the permissible limits (>2ng/g). The aflatoxin levels were arranged as follow: North Gaza > Rafah > Khan Younis > Mid Zone > Gaza City were 8.62 > 6.361 > 4.187 > 3.134 > 2.33 (ng/g). Considering the high incidence of contamination by AFB1 80% in Gaza City and 70% in both Khan Younis and Mid Zone governorates. The highest amount of aflatoxin B1 was found in Mid Zone and North Gaza and AFs level were 2.51 and 2.31ng/g, respectively. To inhibit the fungi contaminated wheat grains, the essential oils of parsley (Petroselinum crispum), rocket (Eruca sativa) seeds and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaves were tested against some dominant isolated fungi spp. from wheat grains at concentration of 5ol , 7.5ol and 10ol/10ml against Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium oxysporum. The three EOs significantly inhibited the three fungal growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. The extent inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type, concentration and main components in terms of oils content of active compounds that have an impact inhibitor against fungi. The results indicate that rocket (Eruca sativa) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils were more effective than parsley (Petroselinum crispum) oil