الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterium or other microorganisms to survive and reproduce in the existence of antibiotic that was previously effective against them (WHO, 2011) due to the excessive and unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans (Amenu, 2014). The origin of antibiotic resistance genes are uncertain (Denyer et al., 2011). Antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasing public health emergency since infections because resistant bacteria are more serious and costly to treat. For example, since the 1990s, some strains of Salmonella became resistant to a range of antibiotics.The emergence of multiple-drug resistance, against several types of antimicrobial agents is considered the major problem in the clinical practice today (Amenu, 2014). Resistance to an antibiotic may be an inherent property of the infecting organism or it may be acquired. Acquired resistance may be due to mutation or from transfer of an additional chromosomal genetic material (Courvalin, 2005; Munita and Arias, 2016).