الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the global bone metabolic diseases, which is caused by the harmonic disturbance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption (Hasona et al., 2018. The term osteoporosis is defined as “porous bone” whereas the bone is normally mineralized but reduced in quantity (Dale and Stovall, 2013).According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is characterized by loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and deteriorated microstructure of bony tissue, which usually results in increased bone fragility and risk for bone fractures in a minor impact trauma (Armine et al., 2017).A fragility of osteoporotic fracture, predominantly those of the hip and spine, is an independent predictor of subsequent fracture and leads to chronic pain, disability, also attends by an excess risk of morbidity and mortality. The complex etiology of osteoporotic fractures is not the only low bone density risk factor but also is based on multiple clinical risk factors through assessing individualized 10-year absolute fracture risk using the WHO FRAX. There is an interaction between genetic and environmental factors (Dale and Stovall, 2013).