الفهرس 
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Abstract
The treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer is notable in that two valid neoadjuvant approaches have been studied in parallel and found beneficial in improving local control. The two approaches, short-course hypofractionated radiotherapy and long-course chemoradiation have been researched extensively.
Emerging data regarding short course may dramatically change the enthusiasm for this approach, particularly when combined with neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Delaying surgery after short-course radiotherapy gives similar oncological results compared with short-course radiotherapy with immediate surgery. Long-course radiotherapy with delay is similar to both short-course radiotherapy regimens, but prolongs the treatment time substantially.
In the current study, a total of 66 patients with respectable cancer rectum in the period from the 1st of January 2012 up to the end of December 2020 were enrolled. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvent radiotherapy on locally advanced cancer rectum, in addition to evaluate toxicity effects of regimens, disease free survival and overall survival among patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
The main findings of the current study included; both groups had insignificant differences as regard baseline data and characteristics of the tumor and the development of diarrhea, mucous discharge, and fecal incontinence were more prevalent among patients who received long course regimen compared to patients who received short course with no differences as regard other acute and late toxicities.
Also, we found that there was no significant difference in both groups as regard overall survival where the median follow-up (months) was 49 months versus 45 months in both treatment protocol. Also, there was no significant difference in disease free survival where the median disease-free survival (months) was 36 months versus 35 months in both treatment protocols.
Subgroup analysis in this study bases on sex, age group, tumor stage, nodal metastasis and distant metastasis showed no significant differences as regard overall survival and disease-free survival in both groups.
In conclusion; our study confirmed that short- and long-course preoperative treatments are comparable in terms of outcomes such survival, recurrence, and complication when used for the adjuvant therapy of rectal cancer. Multiple future randomized studies are warranted to draw firm conclusion.