الفهرس 
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Abstract
Water pollution induced by biological, agricultural, and industrial activities has risen to prominence as a scientific issue as it poses a direct threat to life or water scarcity. Thus, it has become critical to design and develop nanomaterials and understand their properties to combat water pollution. Herein, a survey of amine-rich polymers (ARPs) was conducted. They were classified based on the source of their raw materials, whether natural or synthetic. The chemical structure and essential synthesis routes were shown casually. Ammonium-based polymers, a subclass of these polymers, were also demonstrated. It is beneficial to consolidate the rules for the surface group behavior through the chemical interaction of their containing polymers. The exploitation of ARP in pollutant adsorption, flocculation/coagulation, photocatalysis, and membrane purification was highlighted. Amine groups determine these materials’ approaches and their performance in the selected applications. Moreover, ARPs differ among themselves in their internal structure, which helps to determine the impact of the polymer backbones and forms on the performance of amine and ammonium groups. Hence, the crucial roles of amine/ammonium groups have been analyzed, indexed, and explained. Perspectives and indicators are introduced that help design nanomaterials based on these groups to serve environmental purposes. The first part of this work describes the loading of the quartz SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) linker with simultaneous lengthening of the linker through the terminal amine group by glutaraldehyde (GA). The reactive polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to the surface to increase the ability to capture Cu(II) ions. The composite got the abbreviation SiO2/PEI-Cu(II). The Cu(II) ions were the active center with a peroxocomplex activation state. The composite characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron-dispersive Xray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller XVI (BET) surface analyzer. The kinetics of the oxidative degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye obeyed the pseudo-first-order under flooding conditions. The reaction parameters including the catalyst dose, solution pH, initial concentration of reactants, and temperature got some attention. The obtained results showed that more than 91.7 ± 1% of RhB dye was degraded to CO2, NH4 +, NO3 – , H2O, and some inorganic acids after 30 min as confirmed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements. Also, GC-MS spectra for water samples drawn from the reaction in successive periods suggested a conceivable degradation pathway for RhB by hydroxyl radicals. Degradation starts with de-alkylation then carboxyphenyl removal followed by two successive ring-opening stages. Both the effects of the catalyst recycling and treated water reusability on the reaction rate were studied. The catalyst provided noticeable stability over three consecutive cycles. In the second part poly (meta-aminophenol) (PmAP) was rehabilitated for use in the removal of Cu(II) from water. First, the surface area was increased, up to 68.55 m2/g, by in-situ polymerization of the monomer in the presence of dispersed graphene oxide (GO). Then, the hydroxyl groups of both the GO and the polymer were targeted using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to remove the polymer solubility, enhance adsorption sites, and bind the two components. Not only the resultant hybrid was chemically stable, but it also possessed mesoporous characteristics. The PmAP loading on GO was optimized by comparing three GO(x)/PmAP/APTES adsorbents with initial GO dispersion of x = 3.3, 6.6, and 9.9 mg/ml. This GO(6.6)/PmAP/APTES was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, BJH, FTIR, and TG studies. The Cu(II) adsorption was optimized in terms of pH, adsorbent dosage, Cu(II) initial concentration, and contact time. Furthermore, the isotherm data agree with the Langmuir model’s linear and nonlinear forms, with maximum adsorption of 324.536±12.044 mg/g for GO(6.6)/PmAP/APTES at 40 °C and pH 7. The system thermodynamic analysis reflects an endothermic, spontaneous process that leads to more disorder at the solid-liquid interface. Chemosorption was suggested by the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm model as the calculated activation energy always exceeds 16 kJ/mol. The chemical interactions between Cu(II) versus oxygen XVII and nitrogen on the surface were demonstrated by XPS. Five cycles of adsorption and desorption of Cu(II) using both acidic and alkaline mediums for surface regeneration showed that the material could be reusable.