الفهرس 
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting, multisystem autoimmune disease. The exact etiology is not known. The disease is presented with a wide variety of clinical manifestations due to autoantibody synthesis directed against nuclear antigens, serum proteins and cell surface proteins (Skibo et al., 2020). The disease is characterized by inflammatory changes, with a higher morbidity rate in women aged 15-45 years than in men. The pathogenesis of SLE is complex involving genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and hormonal factors (He et al., 2022). The clinical presentation and the course of the disease are variable and range from mild illness to life-threatening disease. Age at presentation is important when considering disease severity and outcomes. When it is present in childhood or adolescence, SLE is associated with a more severe disease course, higher disease activity and increased risk of major organ involvement. Cutaneous, renal, and neuropsychiatric manifestations, along with hypocomplementaemia and hematological involvement are more frequent in juvenile SLE (Lythgoe et al., 2022). The incidence of SLE ranges from 1.5 to 11 for every 100,000 person-years, and the prevalence ranges from 13 to 7,713.5 per 100,000 individuals globally. This wide variation is due to many differences in sex, ethnicity, and environmental exposures (Barber et al., 2021)).