الفهرس 
General introductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The summary will be presented for five studies conducted under the conditions of the People’s Republic of China in the period from 2010 to 2022.
1-in this study more stringent regulations and waste water reuse strategies are expected to lead to an increase in MBR plant capacity and a broadening of application areas in the future. The waste water from hospitals, which contains a diverse range of microbial pathogens and viruses, will be an important application area for this MBR technique. Existing practical application demonstrates that MBR can effectively save disinfector consumption (chlorine addition can be reduced to 1.0 mg/L), reduce contact time to 2.5–5% of the conventional water treatment process, and achieve a good effect of microorganism inactivation. Furthermore, a higher disinfection effect, fewer disinfection by-products (DBPs), and lower acute toxicity are achieved in MBR effluent using a lower disinfectant dose.
2- This study explained within the next few decades, water may become the most strategic resource in many parts of the world. The identification of critical control water quality parameters and their concentrations opens up new avenues for future water sustainability. The water quality parameters measured in this study indicated that waste water influents at municipal WWTPs in China were within acceptable ranges for subsequent biological treatment processes. Waste water pollutant loadings in municipal WWTP inflows were much lower in south and east China than in north and northwest China due to geographical, climate, and living habit variations. Furthermore, a number of Chinese municipal WWTPs in the south have issues with insufficient carbon sources in waste water influent. Following waste water treatment, Waste water effluent quality at municipal WWTPs in China generally met the Class 1A level of the Chinese pollutant discharge standard for municipal WWTPs (GB18918-2002). However, because of extensive implementation of water reuse practises in northern water scarcity regions, removal efficiencies are higher in northern regions such as Beijing and Tianjin. Furthermore, the potential for recovering and utilising waste water resources such as water, organics, and nutrients from municipal WWTPs was identified. Water reuse, organics, and nutrient recovery are all likely to increase significantly in China. China’s experience in water reuse and waste water resource management, with accumulated knowledge on multiple aspects of waste water quality, can not only benefit local water industries but also provide valuable information.for other water scarcity regions.
3- This study found the most recent advances and remaining issues with the operation of WWTPs in China were thoroughly examined. The underdeveloped sewer network, particularly in counties and north China,
was primarily responsible for the plants’ generally low operating ratio, though a small percentage of plants were actually operating at full capacity. Stricter discharge standards are being implemented across the country, but at a significant increase in energy consumption. Because of the low organic content and high sand content caused by the sluggish construction of separated sewers and mixed waste water sources, sludge disposal presents another challenge for WWTPs. Future improvements in several directions are suggested to overcome these challenges, including: Construction of more separated sewers and reduction of septic-tank use; promotion of decentralised WWTPs in counties and north China while increasing WWTP treatment capacity in cities and central China; ”fit-to-use” treatment and flexible discharge standard toward sustainable operation; improved technologies and facilities to improve sludge anaerobic digestion and resource recovery This research could be useful in optimising municipal waste water management in China.
4- In this study Because waste water is so abundant in many countries, reusing TW irrigation has become a valuable resource and an appealing option for addressing water scarcity. Using this massive waste water as an irrigation source after proper treatment has economic and environmental benefits because it can save a large amount of freshwater while also reducing or eliminating the need to supply expensive chemical fertilisers to the soil. There are inconsistencies in the effects of TW irrigation on crops, which could be due to waste water characteristics, crop type, plant species, the plant’s ability to thrive in a nutrient-deficient environment, and plant sensitivity to environmental and climatic conditions. There is a possibility that prolonged irrigation with TW will deteriorate soil physicochemical properties and increase soil microbial activity. To limit any negative effects, proper guidelines for waste water reuse and management should be followed. More research is required to investigate the limitations and benefits of reusing TW in crop irrigation. SSDI is the best irrigation technique for using waste water because it has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of pathogens in irrigation water and limiting their presence on the soil’s surface. Furthermore, it reduces crop contamination and human health risks by reducing physical contact between waste water and both crops and farmers.
5-this study shows that FCETS can efficiently remove N and P from rural pond aquaculture waste water to levels that meet inland China emission standards. The numerical model of an FCETS-based SD method can be used to guide the management of its operations such as off-peak discharge based on the calculated pollution load reduction capacities and corresponding Q and C. Based on the sensitivity analysis, countermeasures such as SPCS, cold-resistant plants, and degradation bacteria should be implemented to improve purification efficiency and ensure standard emission