الفهرس 
Pathophysiology of Pain PathwayOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Thoracotomy is one of the most painful surgical procedures. Inadequately treated post thoracotomy pain can have several negative consequences. Pain relief is essential to facilitate coughing and deep breathing and to promote early mobilization. Therefore, finding a safe, effective and convenient analgesic drug or method for pain management after thoracic surgery has become the focus of many anesthesiologists. In the past, thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) was regarded as the gold standard for postoperative analgesia after thoracic and breast surgery due to its superior analgesic effect.