الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Antibiotics were proclaimed as miracle therapeutics when they were first introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. However, the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents is complicating the treatment of bacterial illnesses [1]. Bacteria may be intrinsically resistant to one type of antimicrobial drugs, or they may develop resistance through de novo mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other organisms [2]. Antimicrobial resistance can arise in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, P. aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance can be triggered by environmental factors which is known as adaptive resistance [3]. Antibiotic use has resulted in the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR){resistant to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories}, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) {resistant to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories}, and even pan-drug resistant (PDR){resistant to all agents in all antimicrobial categories} isolates that are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, rendering even the most powerful antibiotics useless [4]. These resistant pathogens constitute an increasing global epidemic of illnesses.