الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breeding wheat for organic systems utilizes the standard techniques of pure line breeding toward homozygous stands. The main traits of interest in breeding for conventional systems – yield, mass market end-use quality, and disease resistance – are also of importance in organic breeding, but there is an additional urgency for selecting genotypes based on weed competition, nutrient-use efficiency, nutritional value, and end-use for local artisan markets. Here we concentrate on less common breeding techniques for traits that are of specific interest to organic growers and marketers. We also focus on empowering growers and providing direct roles for them in the breeding of improved lines for their particular environments and specific needs. The role of organic farming (OF) remains open to debate particularly when related to food security and climate change. Targeting plant breeding for OF can contribute to reduce its yield gaps. Currently, plant breeding goals for OF converge at aiming for high productivity, host plant resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors, and high resource-use efficiency. Likewise, end-use quality and local adaptation may be more important for OF as the resource recycling and quality of the inputs that are used vary from region to region, even though OF practices are highly regulated. This article provides an overview on organic wheat breeding, highlights the main traits, their source of variation, and what methods and tools are available for their breeding. It concludes listing some organic crop breeding achievements and providing an outlook on what needs to be done for organic wheat breeding.