الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 118 |  |  |
| | | from | 118 | | |
Abstract
The use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as an alternative to traditional petroleum-powered cars has risen due to climate change, air pollution, and fuel depletion. The usage of fossil fuels in transportation is giving rise to growing environmental concerns. The second-highest energy-consumer is the transportation sector. That accounts for 30% of the total energy delivered worldwide and about 60% of world oil demand. In 2008, the transportation division is a main cause of worldwide carbon emissions and represents a significant contributor to air quality issues, particularly in metropolitan areas. It is responsible for around 22% of the world’s total CO2 emissions. Road vehicles make up the majority of this sector oil use and represent 81% of all transportation energy needs. To address the enormous carburization issues, the transportation sector must embrace low-emission vehicle technology. This study discusses opportunities to reduce energy consumed and greenhouse gases in this sector and briefly discusses the Hybrid electric vehicles as a solution to enhance fuel consumption and reduce emissions. In addition, the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and the General architectures of hybrid electric vehicles and their subtypes have been discussed. HEV system components, system analysis, and energy saving benefits are also explained. As the comparison results proved that the advantages of increasing engine thermal efficiency outweigh the losses caused by longer paths of energy transmission and showed that hybridization can enhance fuel economy in typical urban cycles by roughly 24%. Analysis of hybrid electric vehicles is provided in this study, along with details on several researchers’ designs and energy management systems. According to the thorough analysis, the current systems can execute HEVs rather effectively, but their dependability and autonomous systems remain not satisfactory. As a result, several variables, difficulties, and issues related to the future generation of hybrid cars have been highlighted in this research. A passenger hybrid electric car is developed to meet the goal of reducing the environmental pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which have a record of success in lowering hydrocarbon usage, stand as an intermediary technique between
fully electric cars and internal combustion engines. In the present work, the conventional gasoline car has been tested on road at different trips condition. The gasoline fuel consumption as well as the SI engine emissions have been tested. A complete Hybrid electric system has been impeded instead of conventional driving gasoline engines and tested at a different charging rate of the battery. A comparison between the tested systems shows increased fuel efficiency as a key advantage of using HEVs technology. However, there are still unresolved issues about the system’s energy reliability. HEVs emit up to 21.0, 5.8, 9.0-, and 23.3- percent lower NOx, UHC, CO, and particle number emissions than comparable gasoline vehicles. The development of after-treatment systems, enhanced engine management methods and the use of renewable fuels are emerging as research strategic priorities.