الفهرس 
Electropolymerization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for The Detection of Vardenafil Hydrochloride
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Abstract
For various experimental optimizations, the design of experiment approach
has lately become an urgent demand. Not only to save money required for chemicals
and equipment but also to reduce the time taken to run one-factor at a time tests to
optimize the experimental conditions. Different analytical methods applied for
food, environmental and pharmaceutical analysis can probably benefit from the use
of design of experiments, as they are usually based on optimization of multiple
variables. The use of experimental design has proven to be helpful in identifying and
optimizing significant factors, as well as achieving appropriate results through
running a limited number of experiments.
Electrochemical sensors represent a class of analytical chemistry
methodologies known to be quick, reliable, and inexpensive, with a wide range of
applications. The review presented in this thesis intends to describe the most recent
screening and optimization designs for the construction and operation factors of
electrochemical sensors, as well as how they might be coupled effectively, for the
period 2019-2021. Experimental designs can be used either for screening different
operational variables, such as pH, ratio of components used for electrode
modification, operational variables such as scan rate, step potential, pulse amplitude
or accumulation time or potential. Also, upon reaching the most significant factors,
different designs can be applied for optimization of such interactions.
The thesis also involves the development of an electrochemical sensor by
electropolymerizing pyrrole (Py) functional monomer and Vardenafil (VRL) mixture
on a platinum electrode (PtE) after its modification using electrodeposited platinum
nanoparticles (PtNPs). Then, the sensor was electrochemically overoxidized to
produce overoxidized polypyrrol (OPPy) imprinted sensor of VRL. Vardenafil (VRL)
is a pharmaceutical compound used for erectile dysfunction treatment. During the
preparation of the sensor, seven variables were screened including VRL and pyrrole
concentrations, no of polymerization scan cycles, time of incubation, incubation pH
media and accumulation time potential. Unlike the traditional approaches of varying
vi
one factor at a time, fractional factorial design was firstly used to screen the most
significant component, preceded by central composite design (CCD) optimization
acquire a correlative perspective of the various interactions between these factors
simultaneously.
The sensor was examined topographically utilizing Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and electrochemically using electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The developed sensor demonstrated
a linear range of concentrations from 1 × 10-12 M to 5 × 10-8 M by means of EIS in
addition to the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) providing very low LODs of
0.9 × 10-13 M and 2 × 10-13 M (S/N = 3), respectively.