الفهرس 
Role of Contrast Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) in the noninvasive differentiation of breast cancer different molecular subtypes and tumor grade
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Abstract
Female breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.7 % of all cancer cases in both genders) in 2020, with a projected 2 million new cases. Breast cancer also has the greatest incidence and fatality rate among female cancers, accounting for 24.5 % and 15.5 %, respectively (Sung et al., 2021).
Although mammography is generally considered the preferred screening method for breast cancer and can substantially reduce breast cancer mortality, its diagnostic performance is affected by mammary gland density and the sensitivity decreases significantly in dense breasts (Liu et al., 2020).
Other techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance (MR), are used in conjunction with mammographic surveys in some circumstances (Bae et al., 2017). With the debut of Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM), various techniques such as Tomosynthesis and Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) were found to be useful for cancer detection and staging in dense breasts (Patel et al., 2018). CESM, in