الفهرس 
A hierarchical approach to the design improvements of integrated biorefineries
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Abstract
In this work, a systematic approach is proposed for improving basic/existing biorefinery designs. This approach is based on enhancing the efficiency of mass and energy utilization of such configurations through the use of a hierarchical design procedure that involves the state of the art process integration. Aspen energy analyzer® software is adopted to analyze and improve the energy performance of the processes heat exchange networks (HENs). Mass integration strategies are utilized to design better recycle/reuse mass exchange networks (MENs). The proposed approach is applied on two novel biorefinery plants to boost their material and energy efficiencies. As a first case study, an improved design of a new pre - processing biorefinery called Organocat is developed. An improved HEN with minimum energy consumption of 4.5 MJ / kgdry biomass is designed. An optimal recycle network with zero fresh water usage and minimum waste discharge is also constructed leading to a more attractive organocat process as a promising building block of a future bioeconomy