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Abstract
Monitoring of polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in cement kiln emission were conducted using different kinds of fuel at different location in Egypt. A total of 97 samples provided data on PCDD/Fs congener concentrations during which the kilns combusted a varied mix of fuels, including coke, mazout and natural gas. The use of coke as fuel for the kilns was found to generate significantly different emission-profiles comparison to mazout rather than natural gas, The total PCDD/Fs WHO-TEQ levels in coke, mazout and natural gas were determined by High Resolution Gas chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRGC-HRMS) ranged from 0.282-0.001 (ng WHO-TEQ/Nm³) in mazout, natural gas ranged from 0.774-0.001 (ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3) and coke ranged from 0.026-0.001 (ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3). A total of 9 samples provided data on PCDD/Fs congener concentrations from ambient air in six different Egyptian governorates. Results obtained confirm the presence of PCDD/Fs in Natural gas, mazout followed by coke 30% with mazout 70 %. These results must direct our attention to that different operating conditions must be controlled. All of the kiln emission profiles were found to be the same markedly from profiles in ambient air. However, the small absolute dioxin emission rates from the kilns suggested that kiln impacts would be detectable via ambient air monitoring. Mean levels measured in 13 small incinerators samples were 2.12 (ng WHO-TEQ/Nm³).