الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Proximal ulna fractures with radial head disorders in adults include Monteggia fracture which is a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with radial head dislocation from both the radiocapitellar and the proximal radioulnar joints and the terrible triad of the elbow which consists of coronoid process fracture and radial head fracture with an elbow dislocation. Also they include olecranon fractures associated with radial head fractures and/or dislocation. Management of these fractures requires understanding the anatomy and biomechanics of each of the structures of the elbow that provides stability. Static and element limitations work together to avert elbow precariousness. Secondary static and dynamic constraints (radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon and the capsule) also play an important role in providing stability. The mechanisms of injury of Monteggia fracture include an immediate hit to the elbow or a fall on an outstretched arm either in a hyperpronated position resulting in anterior Monteggia injuries or in a hypersupinated position resulting in posterior Monteggia injuries, while the terrible triad injury is caused by a combination of valgus and axial compression with the forearm supinated. Olecranon fractures result from either a direct trauma to the olecranon or indirect avulsion injuries from the contraction of the triceps muscle result in transverse or oblique fracture patterns. The diagnosis is usually made from the history and physical examination and confirmed by plain radiographs, CT, ultrasound and MRI. Classification systems of Monteggia fractures, coronoid process fractures, radial head fractures and olecranon fractures are important for choice of the best method of treatment.