الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the 21st century, the most crucial problem afflicting people around the world is global water scarcity. The rapid growths in population and economy have resulted in greater demand on the quantity and quality of drinking water, leading to catastrophic water shortage in arid and water-stressed region areas (1). It is projected that by year 2030, the global needs of water would increase to 6900 billion m3 from the current 4500 billion m3 (2). Membrane separation technologies are widely used in many areas of water and wastewater treatment. Membrane processes can be used to produce potable water from surface water, groundwater, brackish water or seawater, or to treat industrial wastewater before they are discharged or reused. Membrane separation systems have many advantages over traditional water or wastewater treatment processes, including (3,4) Fewer chemicals are used in the process, which helps minimize the negative impacts of those chemicals on the whole process.Membrane separation systems are easy to operate and the performance is more reliabl. Membrane systems give a compact and modular construction, which occupies less floor space in comparison to the conventional treatment systems.Permeate can be suitably reused, resulting in water conservation, which reduces the intake of raw water and provides savings on raw water processing costs. Membrane filtration processes can be also classified according to the membrane pore sizes.