الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The rotational deformities, intoeing and out-toeing, probably are the most common childhood musculoskeletal entities that prompt parents to consult a physician.Intoeing has three possible locations of origin: the foot, the leg, and the hip. When the origin is the foot, the condition is known as metatarsus adductus. When the point of origin of intoeing is the leg, the condition is known as tibial torsion. When the point of origin of intoeing is at hip, the condition is known as excessive femoral anteversion.Out-toeing is less common than intoeing, and its causes are similar but opposite to those of intoeing. These include flatfeet, external tibial torsion and femoral retroversion.For accurate diagnosis, care should be taken to the standing, walking, and running styles. A thorough neuromuscular examination of hip is necessary. In order to determine the severity of deformity, rotational profile of right and left lower limbs should be evaluated and written. In rotational profile, one must include the four indices: 1- Foot progression angle; 2- Femoral version; 3- Tibial version; 4- Foot deformity.A physical examination usually provides sufficient information to formulate a treatment plan. However, Plain X-ray, Fluoroscopy, Computed tomography and Ultrasonography can assess the amount of torsional deformity present in the bone.