الفهرس 
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Abstract
Feeding intolerance (FI) is a common problem among preterm infants in NICUs. Preterm infants are fed with expressed breast milk or standard preterm formulas in NICUs. Preterm infants who have FI have difficulty with the digestion of formula or breast milk. Factors that contribute to FI include poor sucking and swallowing, small gastric capacity, delayed gastric emptying time, and intestinal hypo motility.
Symptoms of FI include the presence of gastric residuals, vomiting, abdominal distention, visible bowel loops, diarrhea, or bloody stool. Apnea, bradycardia, and temperature instability.
While standard formulas are kept at room temperature, expressed breast milk is either refrigerated or frozen. The powder formulas are prepared with boiled water, or ready-to-feed glass containers. Previously expressed breast milk is defrosted and warmed before each feeding. There is not a standard temperature for this process, and no detailed for the possible morbidities is available .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk temperature either at warm temperatures closer to freshly expressed breast milk versus at room temperature on feeding tolerance in premature infants.
This prospective study was conducted on 70 preterm neonates admitted to NICU, Department of Pediatrics, Menoufia University Hospitals, and Beyala Central Hospital, Kafr El-sheik, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria after taking consent from their parents. The study was carried out in the period from January 2020 to January 2022.
Ethical Scientific Committee of Menoufia University approved the study protocol and informed consent was taken from the parents before their enrollment in the study.