الفهرس 
المقدمةOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Phosphorus is essential ingredient for the growth and development of plants. It is a nutrient that most soils lack while being widely distributed in nature. In order to maintain sufficient P levels for plant growth huge quantities of soluble forms of phosphorus are supplied to the soil in the form of phosphate fertilizer. Some of this phosphorus is used by plants while the remaining portion transforms into insoluble fixed forms. Recent increases in agricultural productivity have raised demand for phosphate rock internationally because of the dependence of the phosphate fertilizers industry on phosphate rock. Phosphate rock is a non-renewable source of phosphorus that might run out in 50 to 100 years. In addition, excessive phosphate use increased the amount of heavy and radioactive elements in soils which had a negative impact on natural systems. The demand for food particularly meat has increased gradually along with global population growth. As a result there are more bones and other waste products from slaughterhouses in the environment. These wastes are a cause of several illnesses for both humans and animals. Animal bones mostly consist of biological apatite, a type of hydroxyapatite that contains carbon and is also referred to as biological apatite. Recycling slaughterhouse wastes such as bone through the pyrolysis process is one efficient way to encourage environmental sustainability in agriculture. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM), may supply the plants with the accessible forms of P and are therefore a potential alternative to chemical phosphatic fertilizers. A study of phosphate solubilization in bacteria is warranted given their remarkable capacity for environmental adaptation and metabolic diversity. The objectives of the present study were: ❖ Study the physicochemical properties and mineral composition of bone char and bone ash produced at different temperatures. ❖ Isolate and identify phosphate-dissolving microorganisms from soil. ❖ Study the dissolution of phosphorus from both bone char and bone ash in the presence of phosphate-dissolving microorganisms. ❖ Follow the uptake of phosphorus by the plants from the calcareous soil treated with bone char and bone ash in the presence of phosphate-dissolving microorganisms. To achieve these objectives bones were used to produce bone chars and bone ash. The temperature of pyrolysis process was 450°C, 500 °C and the residence time was 4 hrs under controlled conditions in a muffle furnace. The physiochemical properties of both bone char and bone ash were studied. The properties of bone char and bone ash were compared with traditional fertilizers such as single super phosphate and phosphate rock.<Calcareous soil sample (0–30 cm) was taken from the Experimental Farm of the Scientific Research and Technological Applications of the Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI) in West Alexandria, Egypt’s Old Borg Al-Arab City. Samples of soil were retained in plastic bags for later use after being air-dried, crushed, and sieved with a 2-mm mesh. We identified the soil’s primary physical and chemical characteristics. Two experiments were carried out, the first one was laboratory incubation experiment and the other was pot experiment in greenhouse. The results showed that 43 ❖ The contents of phosphorus in bone char and bone ash are higher than those in PR and single super phosphate. ❖ Increasing pyrolysis temperature increased total phosphorus which was higher in bone ash then bone char and the pHs of both bone char and bone ash were in the alkaline range. ❖ More than 85% of bone components are calcium phosphate (apatite), and bone charcoal’s organic carbon content ranges from 8 to 12% which accounts for the numbers’ apparent mass accumulation (and the absence of carbon in bone ashes). ❖ The dominating feature is the massive shape and there are no obvious distinctions between BC and BA in terms of phenotypic shape. Raising the temperature had no discernible impact on the morphological shape. ❖ Bone char and bone ash addition to calcareous soil leads to a decrease of soil pH. ❖ Phosphate dissolving bacteria addition to calcareous soil leads to a decrease of soil pH. ❖ There is significant effect due to bone char and bone ash with or without Bacteria addition on fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, plant height and stem diameter of maize compare with traditional fertilizes (PR and SSP). ❖ There is a positive significant effect of bone char and bone ash on P contents in plant shoot and root of maize. ❖ The bacteria reduce the soil pH, which affects the availability of phosphorous for the plant. ❖ The PSB led to an increase in chlorophyll A and leaf area compared to the control. ❖ Different treatments of bone char and bone ash affected the soil pH as well as the availability of phosphorus.