الفهرس 
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Abstract
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles, Buffer and Standard Solutions: The citrate reduction of HAuCl4 technique was used to create AuNPs (Frens, 1973).• Ammonium acetate & phosphate buffers were prepared over the pH range of 3-11. Characterization of the Prepared Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs):The greatest absorption band for the produced particles was found to be at 520 nm using a UV-Vis Spectroscopy (Unicam Helios Alpha), which verified the presence of AuNPs.
• The prepared AuNPs’ dimensions and shapes were verified using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM JEOL, JEM 2100). The nanoparticles’ average diameter of 14.24 1.27 nm was primarily spherical, in agreement with the calculated diameter of 13.57 nm provided by (Haiss et al., 2007).Using a particle size analyzer (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK), the particles’ zeta potential was determined to be -34.6 mV, which suggests the presence of a negatively charged layer of citrate ions that causes the particles to reject one another. Using Beer Lambert law, the concentration of the AuNPs solution was determined to be 39.2 nM. The Proper Buffer Solution And the Optimum pH Values:The UV visible spectra absorption were examined after adding AuNPs to each human IgG in the presence of both ammonium acetate and phosphate separately over a pH range of 3 to 11. The highest absorbance ratios values (the result from dividing the absorbance value of AuNPs at 680 mathematically by the absorbance value at 520 nm) when using ammonium acetate buffer more than phosphate solution, and it was at pH 4.0.Validation Method:To ensure linearity, a calibration curve was created for each medication. On this curve, the colour of the AuNPs gradually changed from red to purple or blue as the absorbance ratios (A680/A520) grew in proportion to human IgG concentrations, which ranged from 0.01 to 100 mg/ml. Over a range of 0.01–100 mg/ml, the connections between the absorbance ratios and the logarithm of each concentration were linear and had correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.988).There is a statistically significant (pvalue of 0.004) test score difference between the group of prostate cancer patients and the healthy control group. At a threshold value of 2.48, the test can distinguish cancer patients from healthy controls with 95% specificity and 50% sensitivity.Between the group of breast cancer patients and the healthy control group, there is a statistically significant test score difference (pvalue 0.003). The test has 60% sensitivity and 96% specificity at a threshold value of 2.35 in separating cancer cases from healthy controls.