الفهرس 
Cutaneous WartsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Warts are viral cutaneous infections caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), presented by verrucous growth over the skin surface.
The diagnosis is established clinically; no supplementary histologic or virologic investigation is needed.
Warts are usually self-limited, around two-thirds of lesions can be spontaneously healed within 2 years without therapy.
On anatomical or morphological grounds, HPV-associated warts are subdivided anatomically into (i) common wart (Verruca vulgaris); (ii) plantar wart (Verruca plantaris); (iii) plane wart (Verruca plana) and (iv) genital wart (Condyloma accuminata) Its histologicalgical features entail keratinocyte hypercornification.
There are many treatment modalities of warts including topical agents like salisylic acid, imiquimod and intralesional vaccines like MMR and BCG, systemic agents like retinoids and interferone –α physical agents like cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and Laser treatment.
The immune response is considered to play a crucial role in HPV clearance. It depends on intact cellular immunity including natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T cells. It has been clarified that T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-a and IL-17 are involved in HPV clearance. Defective cell-mediated immunity or the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 may be linked with recalcitrant warts or the occurrence of HPV-associated neoplasia. IL-22 is one of IL-10 family of cytokines produced by NK cells, Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells. In the skin, IL-22 reduces keratinocyte cornification and enhances keratinocyte production of antimicrobial peptides like β-defensins, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9.
IL-22 overexpression has been demonstrated in various viral infections and skin inflammatory disorders. Also it has a role in many systemic viral infections including viral hepatitis, influenza A viral pneumonitis, cytomegalovirus infection, rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and coxsackie virus infections.