الفهرس 
Title : Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Certain Sabal Species Cultivated in Egypt
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Abstract
S. blackburniana Glazzbr. Ex, S. causiarum O. F. Cook., S. palmetto Walt. Lodd. Ex Schult and S. yapa Wright. Ex Becc, belong to Family Arecaceae. This thesis aimed to the discovery of therapeutic agents derived from those four collected of Sabal species via carrying out an applied pharmacognostical study including extraction, identification of the active constituents using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis, isolation and evaluation of the biologically activities of the selected Sabal species to prove their activites to be incorporated in advanced studies. The applications of functional maker-based fingerprinting systems, SCoT and CBDP to assess the genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among those mentioned Sabal species. Evaluation of certain biological activities of the selected plants under study; investigations of the antitumor properties of the methanolic extracts against human glioblastoma cell lines (А172) and human prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cell lines, results revealed that S. yapa pollen grains exhibited potent inhibitory activity against both cell lines (А172 and PC-3) with IC50 values of 2. 20 ± 0. 05 µg/mL and 3. 36 ± 0. 07 µg/ml, respectively as compared to standard (Staurosporine) with IC50 values 3. 70 ± 0. 09 and 7. 88 ± 0. 16 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the evaluation of AChE activity in vitro according to improved Ellman method. The results revealed that pollen grain extracts of both S. palmetto and S. yapa have the most active followed by S. causiarum fruits with IC50 values 184. 99±37. 207, 210. 145±6. 72 and 229. 82±0. 1131 ng/ml, respectively. Also, the anti-androgenic potential of the selected Sabal fruits were investigated for the first time. The results showed that significant anti-androgenic implications with varying degrees, decreased markedly sex organs weights, reduction in testosterone and increase in LH and FSH serum levels, and had valuable selective cytotoxicity effect against BPH-1 in vitro. Additionally, the selected Sabal species were used for green synthesis of ZnONPs, furthermore confirmed by UV-vis spectra, TEM, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and Zeta potential studies. The results revealed that different shapes; mainly irregular small spherical forms as well as fine particle size encompassed in hexagonal structures, with a size range from 2. 23 to 49. 56 nm. XRD established that all synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have Wurtzite hexagonal structure with crystalline. The average particle crystallite sizes 47. 21. 47. 67 and 47. 8 nm. UV- vis spectroscopy showed λ max with range (354-368 nm) which indicated the presence of ZnONPs. FT-IR identified the characteristic functional groups, present on the surface of the ZnONPs. where ZP exhibited acceptable ZP values (-30. 8 to -45. 9 mV) which indicated their good stability. Moreover, highlighted a promising inhibition potential of the ZnONPs using pollen grains, fruits and leaves extracts on the telomerase reverse transcriptase enzyme. The results revealed that ZnONPs using pollen grains demonstrated a good impact, originated an increase in telomerase activity at concentration of 127. 1 ± 5. 78 ng /ml relative to the control 131. 6 ± 2. 97 ng/ml. The results, of the α-glucosidase inhibition of the ZnONPs using S. yapa indicated that the ZnONPs using S. yapa fruits were the most significant (IC50 0. 819±0. 04 mg/ml) compared to acarbose (IC50 0. 961±0. 05). Following by the ZnONPs using S. yapa pollen (IC50 1. 359 ± 0. 56 mg/ml). The result of the anti-inflammatory properties (TNF-α) of ZnONPs using S. palmetto conceded that the ZnONPs using S. palmetto pollen grains was significantly decreased TNF-α compared to control. LC-HRMS-based metabolomic analysis together with multivariate statistical study had assisted in the taxonomical classification, according to their chemical profiles, estimation of 109 metabolites, Sabal is a rich source of flavonoid. The nutritional profile of the selected Sabal, was evaluated. Furthermore, the isolations, and structure elucidation of 9 compounds using chromatographic, physicochemical and spectral techniques. The dereplicated metabolites were subjected to docking analysis to highlight the probable metabolites that can be associated with the cytotoxic, the anti-AChE and antiandrogenic activities of Sabal’s derived extracts. The result revealed that both vitexin and diosmetin could be the top inhibitor candidates amongst the other compounds comparable with that of the reported co-crystallized inhibitor, the non-glycosylated flavonoids class of compounds were able to achieve interesting binding modes inside the AChE’s active site comparable with the co-crystalized ligands, galantamine and donepezil, and helasaoussazine, pinoresinol and tetra -O-caffeoylquinic acid are the top inhibitor against the active site of the human 5-α-reductase-2. These compounds could be able to form H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions similar to that of the co-crystallized ligand. This study may be a primary step to assist for discovering of considerably promising anti-tumor, anti-alzheimer, and anti-androgenic metabolites that have no or less serious side effects.