الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
More than 90 % of endocrine system malignancies are thyroid tumor. In teenagers and young adults, it is the most prevalent type of cancer, and the seventh-most common among women overall.More than 95% of thyroid cancers are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), primarily of a papillary (70–90%) or follicular (10–20%) subtype.Localized DTC is associated with a highly favorable prognosis with a 5-year survival rate for papillary tumours of approximately 100% and follicular malignancies of 98%.(Chou et al., 2022).Epidemiology The most prevalent head and neck and endocrine cancer in the world is thyroid cancer. The prevalence of the disease has been rising quickly since the 1990s, with the exception of Africa due to its poor diagnostic infrastructure.(Du et al., 2020).Thyroid cancer can occur at any age, although the risk rises more rapidly in women than in males after the age of 50. Women are roughly three times as likely as men to get thyroid cancer, for reasons that are not well understood, thyroid cancer was not one of the most common malignancies in men, according to Egypt’s National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP) 2008–2011, but it accounts for 3.28% of cancer cases in women(Ibrahim et al., 2014).The four primary histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer, which account for 80%, 10%, 5%, and 2% of cases, respectively, are papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer.(Bikas and Burman, 2019).