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Abstract
Background: Bacterial sepsis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and toxic death in children receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy and for those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Using fluoroquinolones in prophylaxis against gram negative bacterial infection is not the standard of care in neutropenic pediatric patients, until now it is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess the effect of levofloxacin prophylaxis on prevention of bacterial infection and on the duration of antibiotic use during profound neutropenia in pediatric patient with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Conclusion Levofloxacin use can delay the onset of fever, decrease the incidence of the gram negative bacteremia and their septic complications and shorten the duration of empirical antibiotic use, but its impact on emergence of resistant organisms should be closely monitored.