الفهرس 
Review about paternalistic leadership theoryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Leadership plays a vital role in organization, proper leadership and culture often affects subordinates and prompts better work for the organization as well as leadersh is a necessary function in shaping organizational performance in the area of job satisfaction that can ultimately improve patient care. Effective leaders understand both risks and benefits of using power and try to use appropriately (Goertzen et al., 2019). In a paternalistic relationship, the role of superior is to provide guidance, protection,nurturance and care the subordinate, and the role of the subordinate is to be loyal and deferent to superior. It can be stated that paternalism is not authoritarianism. One of the responsibilities of a paternalistic leader is to seek opinions of his or her subordinates.However, he or she has the right to give the final decision (Saygili et al., 2020).Professional identity refers to nurses’ conception of what it means to be and act as a nurse, it represents her/his philosophy of nursing. As such it serves as a basic frame of reference in nurse’s deliberation and enacting in nursing practice influencing what are seen as relevant problems, goals and approaches. More accurately, professional identity is the values and beliefs held by the nurse that guide her/his thinking, actions and interaction with the patient (Sheng et al., 2020). Not only the university programs playing an important role in preparing student nurse for the workforce by promoting professional identity but also Leaders plays a vital role in foster professional identity in all work settings (Joseph et al., 2023) .This study was conducted to determine perception of nursing managers ab paternalistic leadership as an indicator for nurses’ professional identity. This study was conducted at all critical care units and departments at Shebin Elkom teaching hospital in Menoufia Governate. A descriptive correlational research design was utilized in the current study. The subjects were consisted of two groups, the first was nursing manager group which all available 45 managers were taken from the abovementioned departments at the time of the study. The second group was staff nurse which a convenient sample was used to choose 253 staff nurses who was working in the abovementioned setting.The data of this study collected by using two instruments. Consists of two parts:part 1: Personal data of studied subject. Part 2: instruments one: Paternalistic Leadership questionnaire that used to determine perception level of nursing manager and staff nurse toward paternalistic leadership, it consisted of (29) items divided into three dimensions, (benevolent leadership 11 items, authoritarian leadership11 items and moral leadership7 items). instruments two: Nurses professional identity questionnaire,it used to assess nurses` perception level regarding professional identity, it consisted of(40) items divided into three dimensions, (Professional image 20 items, Assertiveness1 3items and Self-responsibility 7 items).After reviewing the tool by the experts, the investigator conducted a pilot study,it was carried on 5 nurse managers and 25 staff nurses which present 10 % of total sample size to fill out the questionnaire. Based on the result of the pilot study, no modification was needed. So, this sample of the pilot study was included in the study. The result of the current study can be summarized as follows: • All of studied nurse managers 100% were females and the majority of them were married, had bachelor degree in nursing and had courses about leadership style. • The highest percentage 96% of staff nurses were females, and 81% was married. While more than half of them 64.8% had associated degree in nursing.And 70% of staff nurses were working at critical care unit. .The majority of nurse managers had a high percentage level toward paternalistic leadership. While less than five percent of nurse managers had a moderate perception level toward paternalistic leadership. In addition, the highest mean score with the first ranking was authoritarian leadership and the lowest mean score with the last ranking was moral leadership.• The majority of staff nurses had a high perception level toward paternalistic leadership. While 9.9% had a moderate perception level toward paternalistic leadership. In addition, 1.1% had a low perception level toward paternalistic leadership. • The majority of staff nurse had a high perception level toward professional identity. While 2.4% of staff nurse had a moderate perception level toward professional identity. In addition, 0.79% of them had a low perception level toward professional identity. Also, the highest mean score with the first ranking was assertiveness domain of professional identity, while the lowest mean score with the last ranking was professional image.• There was a positive statistically significant correlation between total paternalistic leadership domains and professional identity domains. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between benevolent leadership and moral leadership toward professional identity domains. While there was negative correlation between authoritarian leadership and domain of professional identity.According to the study finding, it recommended:At hospital level:• Provide training program to display “moral/ ethical” management styles that help in improve staff professional identity, performance and quality of care.• Nursing managers need to appreciate events, apply objective performance reviews, foster a positive work environment, and boost nurses’ motivation to improve staff nurses’ professional identity.• Nursing managers need to be effective role model for staff nurse in communication, attitudes, knowledge, skill that improve staff nurse professional identity.At educational level:• Nursing curricula need to constantly develop and updated to contain a new leadership style as (Paternalistic leadership) and learn the student how to have professional identity.• Health care professional should have opportunities for continuing education, especially on leadership style and professional identity.• Theoretical and practical training courses must be taken to improve the technical level of nurses and thus improve the image of nursing in the media.At research level:• Replication of the study on large sample size and in different health care delivery system to facilitate generalization of the results.• More research about:-Asses nursing managers’ paternalistic leadership and its’ effect on patient outcome, quality of nursing care.-Asses the relation between professional identity and staff nurses’ outcome,patients’ satisfaction.