الفهرس 
صفحة العنوانOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Energy supply, in a reliable and affordable manner, is crucial
for modern societies, that it is why it is important to upgrade
electricity system over generation, transmission and distribution
levels up to consumers. Smart grids (SG) coordinate the needs and
capabilities of all generators, grid operators, consumers and
electricity market stakeholders to operate all parts of the system as
efficiently as possible, minimizing costs and environmental impacts
in accordance with maximizing system reliability and stability. Since
most of electricity outage due to Electricity Distribution Networks
(EDNs), Distribution Companies (DISCOs) should invest in
upgrading its networks to be smart. SG is more noticeable in
distribution network level, which is called Smart Distribution
Network (SDN).
The aim of the thesis is to identify and study the key elements
to convert traditional EDNs to be SDN with Self-Healing (SH)
property. Egyptian EDNs are good examples of traditional EDNs.
A discussion of technical requirements for Electricity
Distribution Codes (EDCs) and solar codes in various countries is
presented to conclude suggested recommendations for the Egyptian
EDC and solar codes. The major similarities and differences between
EDCs are clarified. Additionally, a detailed comparison of solar
codes is presented. The comparison includes voltage and frequency
deviations, active and reactive power control, power factor control
and fault ride through.
III
The thesis describes details of the Egyptian EDNs structure,
sequential steps during fault, recent situation of renewable energy and
a pilot project for control centers development. As Photovoltaic (PV)
plants are the most suitable renewable energy source to install in
EDNs, the thesis presents SWOT analysis of PV in Egypt for a
sustainable development, which excludes recommendations for PV
promoting. The thesis discusses also the overview and criteria for
connecting for connecting small-scale PV (ssPV) to Low Voltage
(LV) networks. Practical measurements of connecting 200 kW PV
plant shows its compliance to both the ssPV code and the Egyptian
EDC (EEDC). The measurements include voltage, frequency, current
unbalance and harmonic distortions.
The thesis suggests strategies and methodologies for the
traditional EDNs to achieve SH concept. These are: (i) Strategy for
MV cable fault detection using signals from Earth Fault Indicators
(EFIs) and Accumulated Smart Meters (ASMs), (ii) Methodology for
network reconfiguration with minimum cost considering active
power losses for the new reconfiguration, load-loss during
reconfiguration, PV disconnection during reconfiguration and
reconfiguration switching, (iii) Methodology for the optimal number
and location of SRMUs, (iv) Methodology for optimal capacity and
location of BESS to avoid technical constraints violation or load
disconnection during reconfiguration after fault, and (v) Strategy for
employing BESS to perform multi functions such as the ability to
absorb PV power surplus, cut peak load and fill load valley for
improving network’s performance.
IV
Load flow calculations is implemented by DIgSILENT Power
factory simulation tool. Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)
optimization technique and Non-Linear (NLP) optimization
technique is carried out using MATLAB software to solve
optimization problems. The strategies and methodologies are applied
to a modified IEEE 37-node test feeder and a part of real EDN in
south Cairo consisting of 158 nodes