الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was a cross sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of back deformity among male adolescents in preparatory and secondary governmental schools in El Kharga city, Egypt, to identify factors affecting its etiology, and to assess the effect of these deformities on studied participants, in the academic year 2021. The field work was done in the second semester from February 2021 to May 2021 including school visit and referral to x ray examination. We did multiple phone calls to the positive clinically screened students to do the x-ray to guard against the DROP out. This stage of field work extended to September 2021.
The study included 30.1% adolescents at the 2nd preparatory grade, 36.5% adolescents at the 3rd preparatory grade, and 33.4% adolescents at the 1st secondary grade. 1.7% were under weight, 77.1% have normal weight and 21.2% were overweight.
Data were collected by a self-administered semi structured questionnaire. The aim of the study and the way of filling in the questionnaire was explained in each classroom to the students, and then they filled in the questionnaire by themselves. Then, they went to the school nurse room to have the anthropometric measurements and to be examined for the back deformity.
The questionnaire was divided into four sections:
The first section: included the demographic data of the students as: age, sex, residence, parent education.
The second section: included questions about risk factors of acquired deformities (bad postural habits, heavy loads in school bags, using mobile phones, watching TV, playing sports, sitting and writing positions and the possible nutritional factors).
The third section about possible impacts of acquired deformities on adolescents including reduced physical activity, back pain and school absenteeism.
The fourth section included examination:
General examination: including the anthropometric measurements
Local (back) examination
A pilot study was carried out on 20 students before the starting to collect final data, in order to detecting any modification needed, and to determining the administrative procedures needed for the research work.
The main finding of the current study:
The overall prevalence rate of back deformity among the studied male adolescent in ElKharga city, Egypt as found by clinical examination was 15.4%, 13.5% with kyphosis, and 1.9% with scoliosis. While the overall prevalence rate of confirmed back deformity, as diagnosed by plain X-ray, was 36/532 (6.8%) “4.9% with confirmed kyphosis and 1.9% with confirmed scoliosis”.
Owing mobile phone for more than three years especially if using it for more than 4 hours daily was significantly associated with increasing the risk of developing back deformity. Similarly watching TV in sitting position was also associated with increased the risk of developing deformity, especially in absence of parents control over watching TV. In addition playing vigorous sports, carrying school bag and studying in bed also significantly increase the risk of developing back deformity.
Also non eating yogurt and/or cheese on daily routine base, increase the risk of developing back deformity.
Low back pain was a common complain among studied cases who suffered from back deformity which could be considered as an alarm bell.
The present finding and other existing data show a significant relation between postural disturbance and back deformity in the rapid growing period among adolescents. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the data for earlier intervention and treatment for better quality of life. There is a need for the development of ongoing screening and health education programs tailored to the physical well-being of adolescents regarding the postural disturbances, risk and factors that could be associated with them.