الفهرس 
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Abstract
I would like to express my profound gratitude and appreciation to my esteemed professor, Dr. Abu Bakr Fekry, professor and former head of the Department of Business Administration at the Faculty of Commerce, Beni Suef University. The primary supervisor of this thesis, his guidance and continuous support had a profound impact on the completion of this research. May Allah reward him abundantly.
I would also like to extend my thanks and appreciation to my esteemed advisor, Dr. Esmat Said. Her support, guidance, and encouragement played a significant role in the successful completion of this thesis. I am honored to have received the approval and participation of two distinguished professors in the field of business administration in Egyptian and Arab universities: Dr. Ahmed Abdel Wahab, professor of business administration and dean of the Faculty of Commerce, Beni Suef University, and Dr. Gamal Sayed Abdel Aziz, professor of business administration at the Faculty of Commerce, Cairo University.
Furthermore, I extend my gratitude to the Faculty of Commerce, Beni Suef University, which opened its doors to me and granted me the privilege of being associated with this prestigious institution. I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to all my professors at the faculty and the staff members of the graduate studies department.
I am also grateful to family for their unlimited support, and the participants who generously shared their time and insights. To everyone who has played a role, big or small, in shaping this thesis, I offer my heartfelt gratitude. First and foremost, thanks be to Allah.