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Abstract The primary aim of this study which entitled ''The Concept of wDa in Ancient Egypt from the Old Kingdom till the Thirty Dynasty'' is to identify and uncover terminologies, linguistic meanings and religious implications related with the term wDa “(Gardiner Aa21)”. The core of the research and its main focus is to trace wDa through the ancient Egyptian history Egypt from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The thesis is supported by a variety of textual evidences that show the richness of the ancient Egyptian language (papyri, statues, stelae, seal impressions, titles of officials, titles of deities, Egyptian Onomastic, religious Texts and Books). The study belongs to the qualitative and quantitative types thus it would follow the historical and descriptive approaches along with the analytic-synthetic method. Every clue would be interpreted individually in the context of the inscription they contain. After that, a thorough synthesis would be done to emphasise its importance and worth to the research topic. The Ph.D thesis composed of an introduction, chapters, conclusion and a list of references. The thesis is divided into two parts: The Ph.D thesis first part is divided into four chapters; that covers data resources or documents from the Old Kingdom till the Thirtieth Dynasty Dynasty (2686–332 BC). i. Chapter I is entitled ‘wDa in The Old Kingdom’. ii. Chapter II is entitled ‘wDa in The Middle Kingdom’. iii. Chapter III is entitled ‘wDa in The New Kingdom’. iv. Chapter IV is entitled ‘wDa in The Third Intermediate Period and Late Period’. The Ph.D Thesis second part is (Synthesis); it includes five chapters; it’s the detailed study about wDa from all aspects starting from the old Kingdom till Late Period. It’s divided into five chapters. I. Chapter I entitled: “The Orthographical Writing of wDa from the Old Kingdom till The Late Period”. II. Chapter II entitled: “The Meanings and Usages of wDa from the Old Kingdom till The Late Period”. III. Chapter III entitled “WDa in the Ancient Egyptian Onomastics”. IV. Chapter IV entitled “wDa and Places of judgment in Ancient Egypt”. V. Chapter V entitled “wDa and Deities”. According to the Ph.D. thesis, wDa showed numerous styles of writing (wDa, wDat, wDaw, wDaty, wDa-mdw, wDa-mAat, wDa-ryt) with various meanings and implications, such as "to separate," "to judge", "to open", "to cut" ,"to dispel" , and "to remove". The most used Determinative used with wDa was (Gardiner Y1 and 2 ) which signifies a papyrus rolled up, tied and sealed. wDa was part of names of minor deities who appeared in Religious books from the New kingdom (WDa,WDayt, WDa- 4Dm and WDa-it.f). WDa replaced the name of God Seth in about 30 spells in CT. According to various sources from the New Kingdom, Third Intermediate, and Late Periods, God Thoth carried titles “wDa-mAat, wDa-mdw”. Those titles were to indicate his role as lord of scribes and husband of Maat. In the New Kingdom's religious texts, several deities including; Re, Osiris, Tatenen, and Nephthys, used to carry the title wDa-mdw. |