الفهرس 
منهج البحث ...................................................يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Both Mohamed Ahmed El Hefnawy (2000) and Ahmed El higher Maghawry El Sayed (2007) indicate that competition between players at levels requires more than basic skills and plans. The innovator with a successful and influential initiative in the course of the match, and that all high-level matches in international and international tournaments were characterized by a high level of physical performance, skill and tactics. Proper and modern scientific foundations and correct behavior based on speed of response are among the important factors that positively affect the results of matches.
Karate is one of the most exciting competitive sports, perhaps in that it is characterized by rapid and sudden changes that attract the mind and attract attention. The competitive excitement among the players and the diversity of planning methods among them, the situational changes and the rapid transformations between the players during the match in a few seconds in the results of the match during the fight extinguished this eagerness and attraction.
These rapid and sudden situational changes characteristic of karate were the basis for the physical, mental, psychological and kinetic formations of the karate player. The performance of the players and the improvement of their results during the competition.
In this, Ahmed Mahmoud Ibrahim (2011) points out that the use of tactical activity is a new and innovative approach to improve the player’s productivity and increase the effectiveness of his tactical performance during the actual fight competition (kumite). The components of the tactical activity such as the strength characterized by speed, endurance of speed, endurance of performance, endurance of strength, and agility, and secondly, the legalization of the tactical activity carried out, whether through spatial assessment on the rug or during the time division during the actual match time in the competition.
Ahmed Saeed Khader and Ahmed Kamal Eid (2014) point out that the player can defeat his unbeaten opponent and overcome him and his way of playing through a training process that is codified with possible playing situations that are similar to the competitor’s style, which cannot be practiced in the real competition and which is difficult to perceive. And dealing with them when they are surprised, which helps to succeed in some situations of tactical motor performance when the competitor performs them, confronts them and overcomes them.
Ahmed Mahmoud Ibrahim (1995) and Sherif Muhammad Al-Awadi (2004) state that the process of training on different tactical situations greatly helps the player to acquire a lot of temporal neural connections to repeat the tactical behavior in similar situations, as he absorbs a large number of previous tactical sentences trained on which are not repeated In all its details within the competition, but rather closely or similarly, which requires speed of thinking and acting in light of previous acquired experiences, and the good performance of skill and good tactical thinking is not benefited to a large extent unless the attacking player is on a high degree of physical qualities so the more improved those for the player to a degree High assisting the player in implementing the required technique until the end of the game without stress.
The competition at the higher levels is not a physical competition as it appears, but it is a competition higher and more complex than that. Before the competitions, it aims to plan to win the match, but the training is not limited to the playing plans in which the player represents the role of the advanced with points only, or the training is limited to methods of maintaining the points difference during the match, but “planning to win the match should include the playing plans in which he represents The player has a role that loses points under the influence of the determinants of the tactical behavior so that the player has the ability to compensate in case he loses points during the match, through training to absorb the playing plans and form them in a specific situation of playing situations and to be able to modify them according to the conditions of the changing situations of playing and the methods of competitors.
Ahmed Mahmoud Ibrahim (2005) believes that kumite competitions in karate are among the competitions with continuous development and modernization and based on scientific and applied study in aspects (physical, skill, psychological, mental, tactical), where there are many and varied tactical methods performed by the player in different Competitive positions, which differ in their content and performance from one player to another, which are performed by offensive and defensive methods, and are considered the essence of the arts of karate.
Some amendments have been made to the Karate Law (2020) that aim to make playing more effective throughout the time of the match by giving each of the players a penalty of the second classification (C2) in the event of not playing, and the penalty for not playing may reach an escalation. Penalty gradually to the penalty (Hansko) expulsion of the players.
Also, one of the very important modifications that changed the effectiveness of the players’ performance in the match is the application of the “Senshu” feature, which means giving the player with the first record in the match the advantage of winning in the event the match ends with a positive tie result for the players, and the competitor cannot beat the player with the “Sencho” advantage. Except in cases of (passing him by a difference of points, breaking this tie, whether this difference is a point or more - canceling the “Sencho” feature as a result of the opponent’s thwarting the player’s offensive attempts illegally, which is known according to the Kumite Law (Article 8) by giving the player a second-class penalty (C2) When there are less than 15 seconds left in the match (Ato Shibaraku) and the two players are in a draw and reach the penalty shoot-out - the penalty is escalated to Hansko (the player is sent off) in the event of a repeat of the penalty of the first classification (C1) or the penalty of classification The second (C2) - giving the player a penalty (Shikaku) “expelling the player” - giving the player a penalty (kiken) “the player’s withdrawal”, and this feature is a powerful weapon that the two players compete for at the beginning of the match to get it, the player who gets the “Sencho” feature has a choice. One is to maintain the points difference between him and his opponent and the second is to maintain a tie, and in both of them the player wins the match. As for the player who loses the “Sencho” advantage, he has a great burden because he has no choice but to make a double effort in order to overtake his opponent in points and maintain this difference. Or losing his opponent the “Sencho” advantage in the event of a tie in order to win the match, and in both of them he must face the offensive attempts of his opponent in an attempt to reach a tie again in order to win the “Sencho” advantage, or skip the points difference to win the match.
The research problem is crystallized in that the sport of karate (kumite) is one of the sports with changing situations that require its practitioners to have special abilities to confront those situations and the tactical methods of competitors, and those abilities include physical abilities (including the general and special physical elements of the kumite players) - skill abilities that include (hands and feet skills - tactical abilities that include (the ability to score points - the ability to maintain the points difference - the ability to compensate for the difference in points) to reach the victory of the match.
Through the researcher’s practice of karate as a current player and coach and a follower of many local and international tournaments, the researcher noticed that the players are exposed to changing situations during the match between a player who advances in points and a player who loses points and the player who loses points and the advantage of (Sencho) finds it difficult to compensate in order to win, and then he The researcher conducted an analytical study of (40) matches from the preliminary and final rounds in the Republic Championship to choose the national team members (under 18 years old) as one of the scientific sources to get the research problem.
The researcher noticed through the analysis of the matches that some players who lose points during the match repeat the mistakes that led to their loss of points repeatedly, and the repetition of the error often results from a lack of understanding of the competitor’s tactical style and thus is an indication of the lack of training on plans to confront the tactical methods of the competitors, and the lack of understanding And analysis of the opponent’s style makes the player’s tactical behavior random, which causes the player to lose his physical abilities and then lose the ability to plan during the match, which may expose him to defeat easily.
The researcher believes that training on tactical situations by analyzing competitors’ methods and training on potential situations in the match under the influence of the determinants of tactical behavior is one of the main parts in the process of planning to win the match. It also allows the coach and player to read the opponent’s style during the match and adapt to this method and overcome it through Flexibility during the game.
Ahmed Omar Al-Farouq (2016) indicates that the tactical aspect is of great importance during the training processes that the kumite players are involved in, so the training program must include a set of strategies, each of which consists of tactical positions designed to confront a specific offensive style and is trained with the colleague who carries this The style also must include the application of these strategies during matches with players of different styles. There is no doubt that the players of the higher levels in the kumite must be characterized by their own way and style of performance that makes them distinguished over their peers from the kumite players.
This prompted the researcher to develop a training program on the changing tactical situations related to the player’s exposure to points during the match, which enables the player to analyze and understand the competitor’s tactical style, relying on training on how to compensate for points by facing competitors’ methods when registering to maintain points and gain an advantage. Sencho ”and work to achieve the tactical goals through the effectiveness of the attack by exploiting combat situations and taking advantage of the defensive and offensive gaps that appear during the opponent’s defense or attack and directing a correct offensive style appropriate to the competitor’s style, and distracting his focus and attention to reduce the offensive waves of the competitor when trying to re-attack with alternative plans, as well. Attempting to stay away from random, unorganized tools such as retreating too much, escaping from the opponent’s attack, or acting in an unintended offensive performance, which may lead to an ineffective effort that results in calculating points for the competitor, or subjecting him to a lot of injury, or falling into legal penalties that may amount to giving him a penalty (Hansko) and losing the match, as well as avoiding offensive mistakes and benefiting from the players’ mastery of the skills of hands and feet To combine them to implement multi-objective offensive methods using an organized and effective planning system that enables the player to confront situations with a correct tactical behavior as well as to save effort as a basic pillar in match management, by designing a training program to improve the level of tactical performance in karate in accordance with the amendments of the International Karate Law ( comte).
Search aims :
The research aims to design a proposed training program using some tactical positions in accordance with the amendments to the International Karate Law (Kumite) through :
- Improving the special physical qualities of karate players (kumite) represented in (speed - strength - agility - flexibility).
- Improving the performance of the skills of karate players (kumite), which are represented in the compound skills, which include (combined compound skills with arms and mixed - compound skills with triple arms and mixed - compound skills more than three mixed).
- Improving the effectiveness of the offensive methods of karate players (kumite), which are represented in (direct attack - indirect attack - counter-attack ”Sin Nussen, Tabnussen, Tatabanusen, Johnson, Jomunusen” - the mixed attack).
Research Hypotheses :
1- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the pre and post measurements of the experimental group in the effect of the proposed training program on the special physical characteristics of karate players (kumite) under (18) years old in favor of the post measurement.
2- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the pre and post measurements of the experimental group in the effect of the proposed training program in improving the performance of the composite skills under research among karate players (kumite) under (18) years old in favor of the post measurement.
3- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the two measurements before and after the experimental group in the effect of the proposed training program in improving the effectiveness of the offensive methods under discussion among karate players (kumite) under (18) years old in favor of the post-measurement.
Research Methodology :
The researcher used the experimental method by designing the measurement (pre- and post-test) for one experimental group, due to its relevance to the nature of the research.
Research Community and Sample :
The researcher selected the research sample in a deliberate way from the players registered in the Egyptian Karate Federation (Qalyubia region) from Qalyub Sports Club and those who obtained the first black belt (Dan 1) and the participants in the Republic Championship and the Junior Premier League for the sports season 2021/2022 AD, in the age group whose ages range under ( 18) years, as their number reached (22) karate players, and they were divided into the exploratory research sample (12) juniors and the basic research sample (10) karate juniors and participants in the Junior Premier League.
Suggested Training Program :
Program objective : To identify the extent of the impact of the development of some defensive positions and their impact on the development of special physical attributes and their relationship to the results of the matches for the research sample. ) by (4) matches in each balance (the player and the competitor), with the aim of identifying the most types of tactical performances according to the defensive positions used and effective during the matches, which were relied upon to build the proposed training program.
Program content :
- The introductory part ( warm-up period ) : the warm-up aims to give the athlete the flexibility and elasticity necessary for the muscles, widening the blood vessels, increasing the speed of ventilation and vision, and activating the vital physiological devices necessary for the requirements of body activity.
- The main part ( the basic training period ) : The main part of the training unit contains physical, skill, tactical and competitive exercises that help to use the counter-attack and that contribute to the development of the tactical numbers of the research sample.
- The closing part ( the cooling off period ) : the closing part aims to try to return the athlete to his normal state, or as close to it as possible, by gradually reducing the training load using a set of exercises intended to return to the normal physiological state.
Basic Study :
Tribal measurements :
The researcher applied the tribal measurement to the research sample on Wednesday and Thursday, corresponding to 25 and 26/8/2021, and the tribal measurement included conducting special physical tests measurements and conducting friendly meetings with a group of clubs participating in the Junior Premier League, and the team got the fifth rank at the level the difference .
Implementation of the proposed training program :
The researcher applied the training program to the basic research sample from Sunday, August 29, 2021 to Thursday, November 18, 2021, in the training hall of Qalyub Sports Club.
Dimensional measurements :
The researcher applied the dimensional measurement to the research sample on Saturday and Sunday corresponding to 20 and 21/11/2021, and the dimensional measurement included conducting special physical tests measurements and organizing (30) experimental (competitive) matches between the (10) players of the research sample Karate at a rate of (3) matches for each balance, in the covered hall of the Benha Sports Stadium in Qalyubia, and the matches were filmed using a modern video camera, and the video was transferred to computer cylinders to unload their data, through a form for analyzing the tactical performances, and the same group of referees was used to arbitrate the matches Experimental research sample in dimensional measurement.
Statistical processors :
The researcher used the appropriate statistical method through the statistical program SPSS, using the appropriate statistical treatments for the nature of the current research, which are :
- SMA . - Mediator .
- Standard deviation . - Flattening coefficient.
- Coefficient of skewness.
- The difference between the averages.
- The value of (T). - Eta2 coefficient.
- Honesty coefficient. - Correlation coefficient.
- Average differences. - The standard error of the mean.
- The rate of improvement. - The size of the effect.
Conclusions :
1- There is a positive effect of the proposed training program on the development of special physical variables (speed - strength - agility - flexibility) for karate players (kumite) under (18) years old.
2- There is a positive effect of the proposed training program on improving the performance of the complex skills (pair skills - triple skills - skills more than three) among karate players (kumite) under (18) years old.
3- There is a positive effect of the proposed training program on improving the effectiveness of offensive methods (direct attack - indirect attack - counter attack - mixed attack) for karate players (kumite) under (18) years old.
Recommendations :
1- Working on implementing the proposed training program for the different age groups of karate players (kumite).
2- The need for coaches to pay attention to training players on tactical performance of all kinds, such as their interest in training the offensive performance of karate players.
3- Holding training courses by the Egyptian Karate Federation to educate them about the importance of tactical positions, which helps to win matches.
4- Working on the application of the proposed training program because of its importance in improving the thinking and tactical behavior of the player and then its impact on developing the ability to compensate for the difference in points among karate players (kumite).
5- Paying attention to the developments of the players’ levels on the international and local levels, analyzing the players’ methods and their tactical abilities, and training the players on them to develop the level of tactical behavior and their tactical abilities.
6- The need to work on subjecting players from the junior stages to situational training and optimal tactical behavior in different playing situations so that they serve as experiences that lead to higher levels of players.
7- Paying attention to skill training by linking it to conditions similar to the match and the situations that the player is exposed to during the match, whether they are defensive or offensive, which require him to conduct a behavior that is commensurate with the situation.
8- Paying attention to preparing the player (physically - skillfully - tactically) in a balanced manner that contributes to facing all the tactical possibilities of the competitors during the changing playing situations during the match.
Abstract
Researcher / El-Said Ahmed Fouad Hassan
with a title
” Development of some planning positions in accordance with amendments to the International Karate Sport Law (KUMITE) ”
Among the requirements for obtaining a master’s degree in physical education ”Athletic Training”
Grant year ( 2022 AD )
The research aims to design a proposed training program using some tactical situations in accordance with the amendments to the International Karate Law (Kumite) by improving special physical qualities, improving the performance of complex skills, and improving the effectiveness of offensive methods for Karate players (Kumite) under (18) years old. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the measurement (pre- and post-test) for one experimental group, and the research sample was chosen in a deliberate way from the players registered in the Egyptian Karate Federation (Al Qolubiya area) from Qalyub Sports Club and those who obtained the first black belt (Dan 1) and the participants in the Republic Championship and the Premier League For juniors for the sports season 2021/2022 AD, in the age group whose ages range under (18) years, where their number reached (22) karate players and they were divided into the exploratory research sample number (12) junior and the basic research sample number (10) karate junior and participants in the league excellent for juniors, and the most important results indicated that there is a positive effect of the proposed training program on the development of special physical variables (speed - strength - agility - flexibility), and control The performance of compound skills (pair skills - triple skills - skills more than three), and improving the effectiveness of offensive methods (direct attack - indirect attack - counter attack - mixed attack) among karate players (kumite) under (18) years old.