الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The provision of potable drinking water is of public health concern, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to test the bacteriological quality of well water in El-Qalubia governorate, Egypt. Untreated well water samples were collected from thirteen sites all over the governorate. The most probable number of tests (presumptive and confirmed tests) confirmed that water is unpotable for drinking. Five pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from samples. These isolates were detected by biochemical and phytic tests as Klebsiella Pneumonia, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacterbraaki, and E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility test for these isolates confirmed their multidrug resistance. Thus, this study has shown a high level of bacterial contamination in all the samples. Hence, the need for good maintenance and hygienic practices by households to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks from the organisms encountered in this study.
Agricultural waste is defined as the part of the plant that has not been exploited economically, that is, it is the non-economic part of any plant such as firewood, thrones, straw, etc., and it can also be defined as everything that is produced incidentally or secondary during the production of field crops, whether during harvesting, collection, or preparation for marketing, or manufacturing of these crops. Agricultural waste constitutes a stand-alone environmental problem because it is one of the most important causes of environmental pollution, as its disposal by burning leads to exacerbated environmental problems, and due to the great consequences that can result from this environmental pollution, attention is currently directed to how to find appropriate solutions to preserve the safety of the environment and people. Therefore, attention was paid to the importance of benefiting from agricultural waste by recycling it in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. Therefore, this study aims to find ways and means to take advantage of some agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse to protect the environment from its damages, in addition to producing materials as other sources of cellulose and an alternative to wood and cotton with high economic value.
Bagasse fibers, lignocellulosic waste, were subjected sequentially to pulping, bleaching, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis treatments, to extract nanocellulose crystals from other lignocellulosic constituents. Followed nanocellulose crystals extraction, nanocellulose@ZnO was prepared via facile and green process at room temperature. Furthermore, for Fabrication of cellulose acetate nanocrystals (NC): First, bagasse pulp fibers were subjected to bleaching treatment to extract cellulose free from any other impurities (e.g., lignin). Then the bleached bagasse fibers were subjected to acetylation treatment under acidic conditions, thus facilitating the synergistic extraction of nanocellulose crystals and its functionalization to cellulose acetate nanocrystals. Several techniques as FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron scanning microscope, as well as transmittance electron microscope were utilized to the elucidation of the structure and to confirm the successfulness of preparing NC, nanocellulose crystals, and nanocellulose@ZnO nanocomposite.
Novel cellulosic materials based membranes extracted from bagasse waste have been fabricated through the phase–inversion procedure. The cellulose acetate (CA) materials were prepared from agriculture waste and characterized with different analysis. The prepared cellulose acetate was dissolved in organic solvent and casted to obtain the neat membrane with phase inversion method. The neat CA membrane was modified by incorporation of NC prepared from bagasse to improve the membrane performance for water purification. The surface characteristics and morphology of the fabricated membranes were investigated. The modified CA/NC fabricated membrane had superior mechanical characteristics as well as permeation of water. The performance of the fabricated membranes was tested using humic acid solution as model compound for natural organic compounds. Surface water samples collected from Toukh station belong to Holding company for water & wastewater Qulubia, Egypt, were used to demonstrate the high performance of the fabricated membrane. The chemical analysis of permeated water sample revealed the high performance of the fabricated CA/NC membrane. Consequently, the prepared low-cost CA/NC membranes can be introduced in large scale in industry to overcome the drawback of conventional methods in water purification. Nanocellulose@ZnO nanocomposite was used to add extra functionality to the CA/NC membrane performance for wastewater treatment. Consequently, CA/ZnO membranes possess higher performance with additional antibacterial efficacy.