الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Optical telecommunications have grown tremendously over the past ten years, in large part due to the Internet’s quick development. The performance and capacity of optical telecommunications systems are constantly improving. Today). Building integrated optical filters using Bragg gratings is one option [3]. It is very desirable that these optical components be produced on a planar surface to make them small, manageable, affordable, and integrable. The enormous potential offered by planar lithographic techniques was amply proven by the integrated circuit revolution in the 1960s (which is still going strong today). Building integrated optical filters using Bragg gratings is one option [4]. With a significant advantage for chip fabrication, silicon photonics is currently in the same early stages of development as electronics was in the 1970s: there are already silicon foundries that manufacture highly regulated wafers for microelectronics. The microelectronics sector already has the microfabrication infrastructure needed to perform silicon photonics. Numerous businesses are producing silicon photonic chips; for instance, certain high-performance computer clusters already use chips from Luxtera [5]. Complex silicon photonic systems are finding use in a variety of applications, with data transfer being the most prevalent. High-bandwidth digital communications for applications with a short reach, intricate modulation schemes and coherent communications for applications with a long reach, etc. Numerous novel uses for this technology are being investigated in both the commercial and academic sectors, in addition to data communications [6]. These include condensed matter physics and nano-optomechanics, biosensing, LIDAR systems, optical gyroscopes, radio frequency integrated optoelectronics,integrated radio transceivers, coherent communications, novel light sources, laser noise reduction, gas sensors, very long wavelength integrated photonics, high-speed and microwave signal processing.