الفهرس 
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Abstract
Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, heterotrophic, and proteolytic rods that are human opportunistic pathogens.
Various community and hospital acquired infections could be caused by Proteus spp. such as infections of urinary tract, respiratory tract, wound, otitis media and burns, bacteremia , neonatal meningoencephalitis, empyema, and osteomyelitis.
In this study, 83 Proteus isolates were isolated from 361 patients suffering from different infections. Samples were taken from patients attending different hospitals in Minia Governate including Minia General Hospital, Minia University Main Hospital and Minia University Hospital for Nephrology and Urology.
Of the total number of Proteus isolates, it was found that the highest distribution of Proteus spp. were present in catheterized patients (32.6%), followed by patients with otitis media (28.2%), patients with urinary tract infections (25.7%), finally patients with wound infection (17.6%). Indicating that the highest distribution of Proteus spp. were present in urine generally (28.6%).
Using Disk diffusion method, antimicrobial resistance of all Proteus isolates were tested using different antibiotics. This study revealed that Proteus isolates had high resistance against ampicillin, cefoxitin and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid where the resistance rates were 98.7%, 98.7% and 93.9%, respectively. While, they had lower antibiotic resistance to amikacin, levofloxacin and meropenem where the resistance rates were 31.3%, 33.7% and 37.3%, respectively.
Through the subsequent biochemical identification, 48(57.8%) isolates were identified as Proteus mirabilis and 35(42.2%) isolates were identified as Proteus vulgaris.
Detection of P.mirabilis using UreR based PCR confirmed that 40 (48.1%) isolates were P. mirabilis; out of those isolates, 17(86.3%) isolates were from otitis media, 10(68.7%) were from urine from catheterized patients, 7 (22.2%) were from infected wound and 6 (22.2%) were from urinary tract infection.
Using PCR, qnr genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD & qnrS) and aac(6’)Ib gene were detected on P.mirabilis confirmed isolates in this study as they are PMQR genes (Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes). The results showed that qnrA gene was present in 6 (15%) P. mirabilis isolates, 6 (15 %) isolates had qnrB gene, qnrD gene was present in 4 (10 %) isolates while the qnrS gene was present in 2 (5%) isolates. Four (10 %) isolates had aac(6ﹶ)Ib gene. However qnrC gene could not be detected in this study.