الفهرس 
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Abstract
In petroleum Industry, petroleum fractions and petrochemical products such as surfactants and polymers were used as additives to solve production, transportation, storage and refining of the petroleum crude oil especially when crude oil was contaminated with sea water. The present work aims to use petroleum fractions based on asphaltenes and petrochemical products based on nonylphenyl group as hydrophobic/superhydrophobic coatings to solve these problems. In this respect, the present study modified the asphaltenes chemical structure with maleic anhydride to prepare asphaltene maleic adducts (AMAA) and asphaltenes ionic liquid (AIL). AMAA and AIL are used as a capping agents for magnetite nanoparticles Fe3O4 (MNPs) to obtain hydrophobic MNP fluids of AMAA-Fe3O4 and AIL-Fe3O4, respectively, with a high reactivity to crude oil rather than the water. The high reactivity of hydrophobic fluid to crude oil with the presence of MNPs will help to act effectively as collectors for oil spills when an external magnet was used. Oil collection efficiency (OCE %) of the synthesized AMAA-MNP and AIL-MNP is estimated to evaluate their performance as spilled oil collectors. The reusability test is also evaluated to show their magnetic activities for their reusing several times as spilled oil collectors. The other application of petroleum products that can also be introduced in petroleum field is nonylphenyl based de-emulsifying agents for W/O emulsion. Superhydrophobic based on inorganic materials capped with hydrophobic organic compounds have been used to solve the petroleum crude oil water emulsions which affect the transportation and refining of the petroleum crude oils. The magnetic inorganic MNPs are found to have a great advantage as per their reusability. One of their drawbacks is their agglomeration when they are used in high concentrations and hence they loss their activities. Capping agents are the solution for this problem. In this regards, 4-glycidynonyl phenyl ether (GNPE) is reacted with Triethylene tetramine (TETA), Tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) and pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA) to obtain Dinonylphenoxy Triethylene tetramine (DNTETA), Dinonylphenoxy Tetraethylene pentamine (DNTEPA), and Dinonylphenoxy pentaethylene hexamine (DNPEHA), respectively, as hydrophobic capping agents. These hydrophobic capping agents of DNTETA, DNTEPA, and DNPEHA are used to cap inorganic magnetic NPs of Fe3O4 to synthesize hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles (HMNPs) of DNTETA-Fe3O4, DNTEPA-Fe3O4 and DNPEHA-Fe3O4, respectively. HMNPs of DNTETA-Fe3O4, DNTEPA-Fe3O4 and DNPEHA-Fe3O4 are applied as de-emulsifying agents for synthesized W/O emulsion as their ability to break it. The DE % (De-emulsification efficiency %) and DT (De-emulsification time) are used to evaluate their performance as de-emulsifying agents. The recycling test is also used to examine their ability to reuse for several times as de-emulsifying agents.
In construction chemicals Industry such as mortar and concrete, water can also be acted as harmful element to them through carrying different harmful ions such as sulfates and chlorides. These ions have a huge impact to loss the durability of mortar and concrete. Efflorescence is considered as another problem that formed by the action of water toward concrete and mortar as well. It is not only causes aesthetic problem for masonry surfaces but it can also to be another factor that helps in deterioration of cementitious materials. It has been reported that the using of superhydrophobic materials is the best solution for these problems. In this respect, a petroleum fraction of paraffinic wax was introduced. Wax as petroleum fraction is prepared as wax emulsion by mixing with the water in the presence of CTAB (Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Unsaturated fatty acids such oleic acids (OA) in addition to fatty amines such as oleyl amine (OAm) are also introduced as hydrophobic materials. OA and OAm are combined with silane precursors such as of y-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTS) to produce a silane alkoxy amide fatty acid (SOA) and siliane methoxy fatty acid amine (SOAm), respectively. The paraffinic wax emulsion is introduced as capping agent for silica NPs of SOA and SOAm in the presence of TEOS and under Sol-gel method to produce Silica/Wax NPs (HSWNPs).The prepared HSWNPs are applied over cementitious substrates to estimate their performance as water repellent coat. Moreover, the ability of HSWNPs to form a membrane over a fresh mortar promotes them to work as curing chemical membrane which is considered as another scope of this study. Another proposal that is suggested to enhance the water repellents of cementitious substrates is by the using inorganic nano materials modified by fatty acids. In this respect, the present work is based on developing twin properties in situ preparation technique of inorganic nanomaterials of CaCo3 capped with FAs. The hydrophobic action was gained by the presence of fatty acids as capping agents. The study is based on using different fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LOA) and linolenic acid (LNA) as capping agents for calcium carbonate NPs. The previous FAs were used as it is (bare) and in epoxide forms to cap the CaCo3 NPs as EOA, ELOA and ELNA. The twin properties are represented by high dispersion in cement mortar in addition to their high hydrophobic activity. They are added to fresh cementitious mortar during its mixing and preparation with different % ratios of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Wt. % to the total cement Wt. % in the mortar. The functionalized epoxide groups formed on the fatty acid chains will be able to enhance the chemical bonding to the cement oxide particles. This will enhance their distribution/dispersion in the cement matrix during its hydration and so, a great impact on the hydrophobic effect is obtained. The presence of inorganic nanoparticles coated with metal soaps improves also the mechanical strength of the cement matrix.
In agriculture Industry, sandy soil is characterized by containing a huge amount of sand that is characterized by low capture and retention of water. The main chemical structure of the sand is the silica. Silica is characterized by hydrophilic action that able to attract and pass the water to the ground. This type of behavior affects the planation especially when planation got established in high expensive rate such as sprinkling system. Superhydrophobic materials have been paid a great attention to this field as per their ability to decrease the loss of the water through sandy soil. In this respect, petroleum fraction of paraffinic is used as hydrophobic capping agent. Unsaturated fatty acids such oleic acids (OA) in addition to fatty amine such as oleyl amine (OAm) are also introduced as hydrophobic materials. OA and OAm are combined with siliane precursors such as of y-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTS) to produce a silane alkoxy amide fatty acid (SOA) and siliane methoxy fatty acid amine (SOAm), respectively. Emulsion wax is prepared by mixing of paraffinic wax with CTAB. The hydrolysis (sol-gel method) SOA, SOAm, emulsion wax in the presence of tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS) was able to form superhydrophobic silica/wax NPs (HSWNP). The prepared HSWNP with different paraffinic wax content % was introduced to coat the sandy soil. The proposed study is based on the evaluation of water capture and water transportation performance by the coated/uncoated sandy soils.
In protective coatings Industry, the coatings without appropriate hydrophobic properties, water can cause a lot of problems in term of formation of ice or snow, metal corrosion and bacteria. The ice formation and deposition on surfaces can cause a big disaster for different devices such as solar panel, turbines, aircrafts and in power stations. It results in decreasing the efficiency of power generation and increasing its power consumption leading to economics losses. This problem needs external electrical and mechanical forces to remove. Bacteria are well known as harmful organisms to human as it can present in public humidity areas resulting in high risk of infections. This may be due to their ability to invade and adhere very well to the substrate by its biofilm forming. Moreover, it leads to change the morphology of protective coating with losing of its properties and hence the failure is happened to protective coatings. Metal corrosion is another well-known phenomenon which is represented when the metal element comes in contact with the water. It was also reported that the long term of water contacting with the protective coats resulted in losing their adhesion with the substrates. Using of superhydrophobic nano-materials was found as the ideal solution by the incorporation of NPs in the coatings to enhance their hydrophobicity and mechanical properties as well. In this respect, the present work aims to prepare calcium carbonate and silver NPs capped with fatty acids to produce thermoset epoxy nanocomposites coatings. The modification of CaCo3 and Ag NPs was based on oleic acid (OA) and epoxide oleic acid (EOA). The modification of NPs by using of OA and EOA is used to enhance the mechanical properties of the epoxy coating on the steel substrates. This may be due to the presence of epoxide groups and carboxylic groups on the surface of NPs. These groups are able to be incorporated in the formation of cured epoxy network help in increasing of their dispersions in the epoxy matrix. This mechanism of reactive group’s reaction of NPs is expected to improve the overall superhydrophobicity and mechanical properties of the resultant epoxy coat. Another proposal is suggested to improve the superhydrophobicity and mechanical properties of epoxy coatings is through using inorganic NPs based on metal oxides such as TiO2, magnetite and silver capped with epoxide unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. These modified inorganic NPs are designed to be embedded inside epoxy resin to produce superhydrophobic coating with high mechanical properties to metal substrate. Petrochemical and bio-based materials such as nonyl phenol and cardanol respectively are also used to be introduced to magnetite NPs to produce inorganic epoxy hardeners with high hydrophobicity and mechanical properties. The study is based on using chemical structures of nonyl phenol and cardanol as chemical capping agents for magnetite NPs to act as superhydrophobic hardeners. These new hardeners are designed to show high reactivity to be cured with traditional epoxy resins (DGEBA) to produce epoxy coating with high mechanical performance.