الفهرس 
Epidemiology
Insulin resistanceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most serious complication of diabetic mellitus (DM) and the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the world. So we in need to biomarkers for prediction for diabetic kidney disease, to decrease its rate. The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (DN) varies between individuals and is dependent not only on duration of diabetes, but it is also affected by other factors, such as glycemic control, blood pressure and genetic susceptibility. DKD (diabetic kidney disease) is a global challenge and a significant social and economic burden; research should aim at developing new ideas to tackle this devastating condition. The classical presentation of DN is characterized by hyperfiltration and albuminuria in the early phases which is then followed by a progressive deteriorated glomerular function, tubulointerstitial injury and renal function decline. Sestrin 2 belongs to a group of proteins that are induced under stress conditions such as oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage. It protects the cell from oxidative damage reactive oxygen species and helps to maintain normal cell metabolism, homeostasis, growth and survival. Betatrophin is a newly known circulating hormone plays a critical impact on pancreatic beta cell proliferation and enhances glucose tolerance. It also functions to regulate lipid metabolism. Its expression occurs mainly in liver and adipose tissues. Betatrophin has recently attracted increasing interests as a potential β-cell regenerative therapy in diabetes subsequently diabetic nephropathy.