الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) roots (ARP), aqueous (ARAEx) and ethanolic extract (AREEx) on kidney function disorders and immunomodulatory activity in rats injected with gentamicin. Forty white male albino rats weighting between 150±10g, were used in this study. Nephrotoxic was induced in normal healthy albino rats by intraperitoneal of gentamicin at dose 100mg\kg of body weight for seven consecutive days. All rats were fed on basal diet for 7 days before the beginning of experiments for adaptation. The rats were divided in to 8 groups (5 rats in each group). The groups of rats were as follows: group 1: Fed on basal diet only, as a control negative – for 28 days. group 2: Nephrotoxicity group: Fed on basal diet after injection with gentamicin as a control (+) group. All following treatment was carried out on control (+) rats:
group 3: Nephrotoxicity group and treated with 2% of ashwagandha roots powder. group 4: Nephrotoxicity group and treated with 4% of ashwagandha rootss powder. group 5: Nephrotoxicity group and treated orally with 200mg\kg of B.W of aqueous extract of ashwagandha roots. group 6: Nephrotoxicity group and treated orally with 400mg\kg of B.W of aqueous extract of ashwagandha roots. group 7: Nephrotoxicity group and treated orally with 200mg\kg of B.W of ethanolic extract of ashwagandha roots. group 8: Nephrotoxicity group and treated orally with 400mg\kg of B.W of ethanolic extract of ashwagandha roots.
After a 12-hour fast, blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment (28 days), and serum was separated to determine:
Lipid profile serum (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDLc), low density lipoprotein (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein (VLDLc), Liver function (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amiino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphates (ALP),total protein (T.P), kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid), serum sodium , serum potassium, CBC count (HB%, PLT, WBC and RBC), immunoglobulin’s (IgA, IgM and IgG) and glucose. Also, urine was collected for 24 hour to determine (sodium, potassium, creatinine and total protein). At the same time, the organs: kidneys were removed, washed in saline solution, dried by filter paper, weighted, and stored frozen in formalin solution 10% for histopathololgical examinations.
Statistical analysis:
The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized costate program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean± SD. Difference between treatments at (p≤0.05) were considered significant.
The results stated the following:
1. Nephrotoxicity lowered pronouncedly the BWG of rats which was raised on feeding ashwaganda roots diets. The most effective treatment was ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W).
2. Gentamicin injected rats showed pronounced differences of FI, which was raised by feeding on ashwaganda roots, in particular that of ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W) diet.
3. Nephrotoxic rats noticed decrease of FER compared to that of control (-) group. Best group was that ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W) compared with that of control (+) group.
4. Kidneys weight increased due to nephrotoxicity, and lowered when feeding on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets especially ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W). As for kidney, the weights of liver, heart, lungs and spleen raised by nephrotoxicity, while decreased by ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets. Best sample for liver, heart and lungs was the ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W) comparing to control (+) group.
5. Nephrotoxicity affected the kidneys function giving rise to serum urea and uric acid while feeding on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets reversed this change. When compared to control (+), better sample (lowest urea and uric acid in serum) displayed for group 8 ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W).
6. Gentamicin injection raised appreciably the creatinine in serum, while feeding of rats on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract lowered the level. The lowest decrease of urine creatinine was showed for group 8 ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W). In particular, urine creatinine and creatinine clearance were lower in nephrotoxic group, while feeding on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets raised this change. The highest increase of urine creatinine was showed for
group 8 ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W) as compared to control (+).
7. When nephrotoxic rats were fed on different diets, the serum sodium level was decreased and significantly increased due to nephrotoxicity. When compared to control (+), the most efficient group was contained an ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400 mg/kg of B.W). Nephrotoxic group decreased in urine sodium, while feeding on different diets showed increased changes. Ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400mg/kg of B.W) was the highest value when compared to control (+).
8. Serum potassium levels were higher in rats given a gentamicin injection and fed on diets containing ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract. The greatest of serum potassium was in group 8 AREEx (400mg/kg of B.W) comparing to control (+). While urine potassium, it could be showed that feeding on ashwaganda roots, extract and ethanolic extract was lowest comparing to control (+). group 8 AREEx (400mg/kg of B.W) revealed the lowest of urine potassium.
9. Nephrotoxicity reduced appreciably and significantly the (HB%, PLT, WBC and RBC), which was raised when nephrotoxic rats fed on diet containing the ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract. Superior group of (HB%, PLT, RBC and WBC) was that of group 8 AREEx (400mg/kg of B.W).
10. Immunoglobulin IgG levels in rats given a diet containing ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract increased after they received a gentamicin injection. The highest of immunoglobulin IgG was recorded for group 8 AREEx (400mg/kg
of B.W). As well as for immunoglobulin IgA and IgM, diets containing ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract were reduced comparing to control (+) group. The lowest of immunoglobulin IgA and IgM was recorded for group 8 AREEx (400mg/kg of B.W) and it was the best results.
11. The increase in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) in the control (+) group suggested that nephrotoxicity was damaging to liver function. However, when compared to the control (+) group, feeding on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets corrected the changes of AST, ALT, and ALP, specifically AREEx (400 mg/kg of B.W) and proved the best treatment.
12. In comparison to the control (+) group, nephrotoxicity decreased the level of serum total protein, which was elevated when the rats were fed on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diet, especifically the ashwaganda roots ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg of B.W). While urine total protein, nephrotoxicity raised the level of serum total protein, which was reduced when the rats were fed on ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diet especially the ashwaganda roots ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg of B.W).
13. When rats were given gentamicin injections, their serum T.C. and T.G levels significantly increased. Nevertheless, ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract diets reversed this effect. In particular, the ashwaganda roots ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg of B.W) showed significantly lower T.C. and T.G. values when compared to the control (+) group.
14. Serum HDL was significantly reduced in rats given gentamicin injections, but it increased in nephrotoxic rats given diets
containing ashwaganda roots, aqueous and ethanolic extract. The serum of rats fed an ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400 mg/kg of body weight) demonstrated the highest increase in HDL. Nephrotoxic rats had significantly higher serum levels of LDL and VLDL. Reversing such a change was feeding on different diets of the current study. The group that exhibited the lowest levels of LDL and VLDL when compared to the control (+) rats was received in the ethanolic extract of ashwaganda roots (400 mg/kg of body weight).
15. Serum glucose levels were significantly elevated by nephrotoxicity, but they were significantly decreased by feeding on different diets; the most effective treatment was ashwaganda roots ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg body weight) when compared to the control (+) group.