الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Around 150 million people worldwide suffer from urinary tract infections, which are the most prevalent bacterial infections.
The majority of microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae.
Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, are the most frequent producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamase.
Due to inadequate hygiene and the anatomy’s proximity to the genito-urinary area in females, E. coli, a commensal of the bowel, is more prone to induce infections by faecal contamination. Overall, ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are colonised in 14% of healthy individuals.
Most isolates exhibited resistance to frequently recommended drugs. Therefore, regular surveillance and monitoring are essential for improved patient treatment.
In the current study, Both ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing isolates demonstrated increased resistance to various antimicrobial drugs as well as third generation cephalosporins. Therefore, this study demonstrates a pattern of multidrug resistance (≥3 antibiotic classes).
Antibiotic resistance results in decreased treatment efficacy, increased infection transmission, increased mortality, and increased healthcare costs.
The aim of this study is to indicate the spread of ESBL-producing gram negative bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections based on their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
The isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by the VITEK system and by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test on Mueller Hinton agar plate according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline.
The ESBL phenotype was determined with the VITEK ESBL test panel and confirmed with Double disc synergistic test on Mueller Hinton agar.
Conclusion
• High prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found in the current study. The development of an infection control strategy and appropriate antibiotic policy is necessary to combat these problems.
• One of the most significant bacteria that causes infections and produces extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, which makes them resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, is Escherichia coli.
Recommendations
• To support our findings, more clinical research involving multiple centres is required.
• It is advised to use a bigger sample size.
• It is advised to Provide long follow up period for treatment measuring antibiotic susceptibility and follow probability of recurrence.
Limitations
• Because it was a single-center trial, other locations may have seen different results.
• Relatively small sample size.
• Lack of following the treatment and also the recurrence.
• There was no healthy control group included in the research.