الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted at the Farm of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, through the period from 20 October to 24 November 2021. The experimental objective was to investigate the effect of either magnesium or manganese supplementation forms and levels on broiler performance, digestibility of nutrients, carcass characteristics, and some blood parameters.
Two factorial experiments were conducted by using a total number of 180 unsexed one day old Arbor acres broiler chicks in each experiment. Chicks in each experiment attained from a commercial hatchery were fed on diets contained the optimal levels of magnesium (600 mg/Kg diet) or manganese (60 mg/ Kg diet) according to NRC, (1994). The experimental period was divided into two feeding phases, starter period (0-3 weeks) and the finisher period (3-5 weeks). Feeds and water were supplied ad-libitum.
First experiment:
Chicks were randomly disassociated into two groups, the 1st group was fed on diets incorporated with inorganic Magnesium and the 2nd group was fed on diets incorporated with nano Magnesium. Each group was divided into three subgroups, the 1st sub group was fed on basal diets (unincorporated), while the 2nd and 3rd subgroups were fed on diets incorporated with 60 mg and 120 mg magnesium/ Kg diet, respectively. Each subgroup was contained three replicates (10 chicks each).
Second experiment:
Chicks were randomly divided into two groups, the 1st group was fed on diets incorporated with inorganic manganese and the 2nd group was fed on diets incorporated with nano manganese. Each group was divided into three subgroups, the 1st sub group was fed on basal diets while the 2nd and 3rd subgroups were fed on diets incorporated with 6 mg and 12 mg Manganese/ Kg diet, respectively. Each subgroup was contained three replicates (10 chicks each).
Live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, some carcass characteristics and some blood parameters were verified and calculated. Nutrient digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were carried out at the final of the experimental period (5th week of age) through digestion trial.
At the finale of the experiment (5th week of age), three birds from each treatment were randomly selected, weighed, and then slaughtered after a 12-hour fast. Feathers were manually selected and dissected after birds had completely bled, then scalded. The edible organs ”liver, heart, spleen, and gizzard” were taken out, weighed, and indicated as a proportion of live body weight.
Blood samples were taken at the time of the slaughter at 7 a.m. Two blood collection tubes were used to hold the blood samples that were taken from each experimental group. Regarding the blood picture, the first sample was taken in a tube that had been heparinized (2.25 μ heparin /5 ml blood). The second sample was collected in non-heparinized form, centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum, and then some serum biochemical parameters were stored at (-20oC).
The results of this study could be summarized as follows:
1. First experiment:
Growth performance:
•Birds fed diets incorporated with inorganic magnesium verified significantly heavier body weight at 5 weeks of age, greater body weight gain and higher feed consumption during the periods (3- 5) and (0 -5) weeks of age intervals and best feed conversion ratio during the periods (0-3) and (3-5) weeks of age intervals in contrast to those fed diets incorporated with nano magnesium.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 120 mg Mg /kg diet achieved significantly heavier body weight at 3 and 5 of weeks of age, greater body weight gain and higher feed consumption during the periods (0-3) and (0-5) weeks of age intervals. However, birds fed diets incorporated with 60 mg Mg /kg diet achieved better feed conversion value during the periods (0-3) and (0-5) weeks of age intervals.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 120 mg nano Mg /kg diet verified significantly the heaviest body weight at 3 weeks of age. While, birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg inorganic Mg /kg diet verified the heaviest body weight at 5 week of age.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg inorganic Mg/ kg diet verified significantly the highest value of body weight gain and feed consumption during the periods (3 to 5) or (0 to 5) weeks of age intervals andthe best value of feed conversion during the periods (0 to 5) weeks of age intervals.
•The effect of magnesium supplementation forms on all carcass traits was not significant.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg Mg / kg diet noted significantly heavier gizzard and giblets weights, higher liver, spleen and gizzard percentages. Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg nano Mg /kg diet verified significantly the highest dressing percentage.
Digestibility coefficients of nutrients:
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with inorganic Mg verified significantly higher digestibility crude protein, while, those recevied diets incorporated with nano form verified higher crude fiber digestibility.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg Mg /kg diet verified significantly higher dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen free extract digestibilites.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg inorganic Mg/ kg diet achieved significantly the highest values of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and nitrogen free extract digestibilites.
Haematological parameters:
•The effect of magnesium supplementation forms on red blood cells, hemoglobin%, PCV%, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significant.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg Mg/kg diet verified significantly greater values of red blood cells, hemoglobin%, PCV%, while this effect on MCV, MCH and MCHC was not significant.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 60 mg nano Mg/kg diet noted significantly the highest values of RBC’s and.
Biochemical parameters:
•No significant effects were observed due to magnesium supplementation forms on values of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, triglycerides or total cholesterol concentration in blood serum. However, birds recevied diets incorporated with nano magnesium verified the lowest significant values of HDL, LDL and VLDL concentrations.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with 120 mg Mg/kg diet verified significantly lowest values of triglycerides, LDL and VLDL.
•There was significant decrease in triglycerides, LDL and VLDL values owing to the addition of 120 mg nano Mg/kg diet to the basal diet. While, birds recevied the basal diet verified a significant increase in HDL concentration.
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with nano magnesium verified significantly lower in values of direct bilirubin, while this effect on total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin was not significant.
•Birds recevied the basal diet verified significantly lower activities of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin.
Liver function:
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with nano magnesium noted significantly lower values of GPT, while this effect on GOT was not significant.
•Birds fed basal diets verified significantly lower value of GOT. Although, birds fed diet incorporated with 60 mg nano Mg/kg diet noted the lowest value of GPT.
Oxidative parameters:
•Birds recevied diets incorporated with nano magnesium verified significantly higher value of GSH-Px enzyme in blood serum, while, this effect on GST, SOD and GSH was not significant.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 120 mg nano Mg/ kg diet verified significantly the highest values of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes.
•The effect of Mg supplementation forms on values of SOD, GSH and GSH-Px enzymes in liver tissues of broiler chickens was not significant.
•Birds fed basal diets verified significantly higher values of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes in liver tissue, while birds fed diet incorporated with 120 mg nano Mg/ kg diet verified the higher value of GSH enzyme.
Kidney function:
•The effect of Mg supplementation forms on values of urea, uric acid, creatinine and urea nitrogen of broiler chickens was not significant.
•Birds fed the basal diet achieved significant higher values of urea, uric acid and urea nitrogen, while this effect on creatinine was not significant.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 120 mg inorganic Mg / kg diet verified significantly decrease in values of urea and urea nitrogen. While, birds fed diets incorporated with 60 mg inorganic Mg / kg diet verified significantly decrease in value of uric acid.
Immunological parameters:
•The effect of Mg supplementation forms and levels and their interaction on values of WBC’s, Lymphocytes %, Monocytes%, Heterophils % and H: L ratio was not significant.
2. Second experiment:
Growth performance
•Birds fed diets incorporated with nano manganese verified significantly heavier body weight at 5 weeks of age, best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods from (3 to 5) or (0 to 5) weeks of age intervals. While, this effect on feed consumption was not significant.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg Mn/ kg diet achieved significantly heavier body weight at 5 weeks of age, better body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods (3 to 5) weeks of age intervals.•Birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg nano Mn/kg diet achieved significantly heaviest body weight at 5 weeks of age, the best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods (3 to 5) weeks of age intervals.•Birds fed diets incorporated with nano manganese verified significantly higher dressing percentage, while, this effect on other carcass traits was not significant.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 6 mg/ Mn kg diet verified higher value of heart and spleen weights and percentages, while birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg Mn/kg diet achieved the highest values of live body weight, carcass weight, gizzard weight, giblets weight and dressing percentage.
Digestibility coefficients of nutrients
•Birds fed diets incorporated with nano manganese verified significantly higher values of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and nitrogen free extract digestibility, while birds fed diets incorporated with inorganic Mn verified significant higher ether extract digestibility.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 6 mg Mn/ kg diet verified significantly higher values of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract % digestibility. Nonetheless, birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg Mn /kg diet verified significantly higher values of crude protein and ether extract digestibility.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with12 mg nano Mn /kg diet verified significantly higher values of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and nitrogen free extract digestibility. Also, birds fed basal diets incorporated with 12 mg inorganic Mn /kg diet verified significantly higher value of ether extract digestibility. While, birds fed diet incorporated with 6 mg nano Mn /kg diet achieved the highest digestibility value of crude fiber.
Hematological parameters
•Birds fed diets incorporated with inorganic manganese verified significantly higher values of red blood cells, packed cell volume and Mean corpuscular volume. While, birds fed diet incorporated with nano manganese achieved significantly higher values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg Mn/kg diet verified significantly higher values of MCH and MCHC.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg inorganic Mn /kg diet achieved significantly the highest values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and MCV. While, birds fed diets incorporated with 12 mg nano Mn /kg diet achieved the greatest value of MCH or MCHC.
Biochemical parameters
•The effect of Mn supplementation forms on values of albumin, globulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol was not significant. However, Birds fed diet incorporated with nano Mn verified significantly higher total protein concentration.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with the 12 mg Mn /kg diet verified significantly higher values of triglycerides and VLDL- Cholesterol.
•The effect of Mn supplementation forms on values of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin was not significant.
•Birds fed basal diets (unincorporated) verified significantly lower values of total and indirect bilirubin.
Liver function
•Birds fed diets incorporated with nano manganese verified significantly lower value of GPT, while those fed basal diet verified significantly lower value of GOT. Birds fed diet incorporated with 12 mg Mn /kg diet achieved significantly lower value of GPT.
Oxidative parameters
•Birds fed diets incorporated with nano manganese displayed significantly greater values of GSH and GSH-Px.While, this effect on values of GST and SOD in serum was not significant.•Birds fed basal diet (unincorporated) verified significantly higher value of GSH and GSH-Px. While, birds fed diets incorporated with 6 mg Mn /kg diet) achieved significantly higher value of SOD enzyme.
•No significant impact of Mn supplementation forms on SOD, GSH and GSH-Px enzymes in liver tissue of broiler chickens.
•Birds received basal diet (unincorporated) verified the highest value of GSH-Px enzyme, while birds fed diets incorporated with 6 mg Mn /kg diet verified the highest value of GSH enzyme in liver tissue.
Kideny function
•The effect of Mn supplementation forms on urea, uric acid, creatinine and urea nitrogen of broiler chickens was not significant.
•Birds fed basal diet verified significantly higher values of urea, uric acid and urea nitrogen.
•Birds fed diets incorporated with 6 mg inorganic Mn / kg diet verified significant the lowest in values of urea and urea nitrogen.
Immunological parameters
•The effect of Mn supplementation forms on WBC’s, heterophils % and H: L ratio of broiler chickens was not significant. While, birds fed diets incorporated with inorganic manganese verified significantly higher value of Lymphocytes %. However, birds fed diet incorporated with nano form achieved significantly higher in value of Monocytes%.
•The effect of Mn supplementation levels on values of WBC’s, lymphocytes %, monocytes%, heterophils % and H: L ratio due to Mn supplementation levels.
•Birds fed basal diets incorporated with inorganic Mn (6 mg/kg diet) verified significantly the highest value of lymphocytes %.