الفهرس 
General properties of sunset yellow dyeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The thesis aims to treat aluminum and silicon oxides from sanitary ware waste for low-cost synthesis of some different phases of zeolites using hydrothermal method and sodium hydroxide. The obtained samples were investigated by using different instruments. The synthesized products were used as adsorbents for the removal of anionic dyes and heavy metal ion from wastewater.
This thesis consists of three main chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter includes a brief introduction about waste and the different methods used in waste treatment. It also includes the definition of nanomaterials and their properties, as well as the different applications of nanomaterials. This chapter also includes a brief on water pollution, sources of pollution and its harm on living things, as well as the different methods used in water treatment. This chapter also contains a literature survey on pervious work for the preparation of different phases of zeolites from pure sources or wastes and their applications in various fields such as water treatment.
Chapter 2: Experimental
This chapter contains the practical part of this thesis. It involves a complete description of the chemicals and reagents that were used in the synthesis of different types of zeolites from sanitary ware waste using hydrothermal method. This chapter includes the description of the instrumental tools such as XRF, XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, TG-DTA, BET, UV-Visible and ICP-OES which were used for the study of characterization of the synthesized different types of zeolites from sanitary ware waste and their application in water treatment. It also contains the batch methods which used for the removal of organic dye and metal ion from wastewater using the fabricated nanoparticles as adsorbents. It also includes as well as an explanation for the various factors influencing the removal efficiency.
Chapter 3: Results and discussion
This chapter contains the discussion and results of the extracted data. It can be divided into three parts.
The first part
The first part describes the characterization of the obtained samples by different tools such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermal analysis (TGA, DTG and DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), and determination of surface area.
The extracted results indicated that XRD showed the presence of various phases of zeolite after treatment with NaOH using hydrothermal method such as analcime, cancrinite, hydroxycancrinite and sodalite. The crystallite sizes were determined for all samples to be in the range of (16-52 nm).
FT-IR spectra showed the peaks at 1413-1481 cm-1 and 900-1081 cm-1 could be related to external and internal asymmetric vibrations of S-O-S (S = Si and/or Al), respectively. Besides, the peaks that appeared at 720-745 cm-1 and 555-688 cm-1 could be assigned to external and internal symmetric vibrations of S-O-S, respectively. Moreover, the peaks which appeared in the range 425-470 cm-1 were due to S-O-S bending vibration for all synthesized samples.
HR-TEM micrographs showed that the S1 sample was composed of agglomeration of irregularly shaped particles and slides shape with length 245 nm and diameter 57 nm. Besides, the S6 sample was composed of spherical shapes gathered in the form of tubes with length 230 nm and diameter 50 nm.
The Surface of the synthesized S1 and S6 samples characterized using Brunner-Emmett Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. BET surface area, average pore size and average pore volume estimated to be 86.93 m2/g, 1.70463 nm, 0.233074 cc/g and 129.722 m2/g, 1.22475 nm, 0.235644 cc/g for S1 and S6 samples, respectively.
The second part
The second part includes the adsorption data for the removal of sunset yellow (SSY), naphthol green B (NGB) and amaranth (AM) dyes using the synthesized S6 sample. This part includes the results and discussion of the factors affecting the removal of the dyes under study from aqueous solutions such as pH, contact time, initial dyes concentration, adsorbent dose, ionic strength and temperature. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process were reached and the results were as follows:
1. The optimum pH for the adsorption of SSY, NGB and AM dyes was found to be 2 for the prepared S6 sample.
2. The contact times for the adsorption of SSY, NGB and AM dyes using S6 sample were found to be 40, 30 and 30 min, respectively.
3. The optimum initial dyes concentration (SSY, NGB and AM dyes) for the adsorption over S6 sample was found 250, 200 and 150 mg/L, respectively.
4. The optimum adsorbent dose (S6 sample) was found to be 0.05 g for the removal of SSY, NGB and AM dyes.
5. The dyes removal decreased with increasing the amount of KCl using the synthesized S6 sample.
6. The dyes removal decreased with increasing the temperature for S6 sample.
7. The adsorption of SSY, NGB and AM dyes data obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo second order model using S6 sample.
8. The adsorption of SSY, NGB and AM dyes over the S6 adsorbent showed non-spontaneous, physisorption and exothermic process.
9. The adsorption capacities of all synthesized samples were determined to be in the range of (12.67-93.6 mg/g), (20.77-81.3 mg/g) and (27.5-74.7 mg/g) for the removal of SSY, NGB and AM dyes, respectively.
The third part
The third part includes the adsorption data for the removal of Pb (II) using the S1 sample. This part includes the results and discussion of the factors affecting the removal of Pb (II) under study from aqueous solutions such as pH, contact time, initial Pb (II) concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process were reached and the results were as follows:
1. The optimum pH for the adsorption of Pb (II) was found to be 5.5 for the prepared S1 sample.
2. The contact time for the adsorption of Pb (II) using S1 sample was found to be 150 min.
3. The optimum initial Pb (II) concentration for the adsorption over S1 sample was found 50 mg/L.
4. The optimum adsorbent dose (S1 sample) was found to be 0.05 g for the removal of Pb (II).
5. The Pb (II) removal increased with increasing the temperature for S1 sample.
6. The adsorption of Pb (II) data obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo second order model using S1 sample.
7. The adsorption of Pb (II) over the S1 adsorbent showed spontaneous, physisorption and endothermic process.
8. The adsorption capacities of all synthesized samples were determined to be in the range of (18.72-48.08 mg/g) for the removal of Pb (II).