الفهرس 
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Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most serious and dangerous diseases affecting poultry production. The protozoan of the genus Eimeria infects the intestinal tract and causes tissue damage, which results in interruption of feeding, digestion, and nutrient absorption; dehydration, blood loss, loss of skin pigmentation, and increased susceptibility to other diseases.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination against coccidiosis. Also, for evaluation the efficacy of Amprolium and Diclazuril as treatment with or without vaccination.
A total of 245 unsexed one-day-old broiler chicks obtained from Masr poultry (Arbo acre strain) were raised from one day until 5 weeks of age on deep litter with a stocking density of 8 birds per m2. Water and feed were provided during the experimental period, and the chicks received a balanced, formulated diet free from any additives (El-Magd Company).
Birds at 1 day old were weighted and then randomly allocated into 7 groups with the same average initial body weight (45–47 g).
Randomly divided into 7 groups of 35 in each (4 in GA and 3 in GB) (GA1–GA2 – GA3 and GA4) (GB1–GB2 and GB3), groups GA (vaccinated with Fortegra) and GB (non-vaccinated).* As follows: GA1: infected, then treated with Amprolium, GA2: infected, then treated with Diclazuril, GA3: non-infected, GA4: infected without treatment,GB1: infected, then treated with Amprolium, GB2: infected, then treated with Diclazuril, GB3: non-infected.
Chicks were vaccinated against New Castle disease, Infectios broncitis, and H9 at 4th day of age; against Gumboro disease at 12th day of age; colon IB at 15th day of age; and against Lassota strain at 17th day of age. All chicks in groups GA were vaccinated with Fortegra® by spraying on feed in a single dose (Each 100 chicks should receive 21 ml of vaccine solution) at 6 day of age.
An Eimeria species were collected from 20 days old broiler chickens from a local farm in New Valley. Birds suffered from diarrhea, droppings have flacked with blood. detection of Eimeria sp. from infected broilers, Scrapings of the intestinal mucosa can be taken to evaluate the presence and shape of oocysts, which was confirmed through microscopic examination.
The coccidia obtained by sedimentation or floatation technique was placed in a petri dish with a shallow solution of 2.5% potassium dichromate, covered with another petri dish coated with moist filter paper, and gently mixed and aerated every day for an hour until sporulation was seen. the oocysts undergo sporulation before they are infective. This process occurs after 72-hour period. Sporulation is optimised at 30 °C with forced aeration. Storage of oocysts was done in potassium dichromate solution.
PCR examination: detected the characteristic common band (500 bp fragment) specific to ITS1 gene of Eimeria spp in the examined sample. The PCR amplification products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. sample gave a characteristic common band at 500 bp fragment. Sequencing of the selected Eimeria sp. isolate: OQ544604: Eimeria maxima strain New-valley2023.
On day 22 of the experiment, use the feed exposure method of infection with oocysts of the previous recent field isolates of each species that had been propagated in the lab, the inoculum dose 5 x 104 per bird, Infectious oocysts excyst after ingestion, releasing the infectious form known as the sporozoite. Intestinal epithelial cells are infected by sporozoites. Intraepithelial lymphocytes help in the transfer of sporozoites up to the site of the primary lesion.
During the experiment, it could be observed that feed and water consumption decreased, and the faeces were watery, whitish, and sometimes bloody, resulting in dehydration and impaired weight gain,The lesions of coccidiosis depend on the degree of inflammation and damage to the intestinal tract. They include thickness of the intestinal wall, mucoid to blood-tinged exudates (orange content), petechial haemorrhages, necrosis, and hemorrhagic enteritis, post-mortem examination of broilers intestines shows typical forms of Eimeria species, intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens suffering from bloody diarrhoea and petechial haemorrhage.
Five chickens were weighed individually, each weak, by using an electrical balance to determine their weekly body weight, the body weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in non-vaccinated groups GB1, GB2, and GB3 than in vaccinated groups of broilers. Also, it could observe that the vaccinated group GA3 was higher (P<0.05) than the GA4 group. However, no significant differences were found among GA1, GA2, and GA4, respectively. Concerning the effect of Age on the body weight of chickens, it is clear that the body weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase the age of broilers. The interaction between the treatment effect and the age of broilers was significant.
Microscopic examination; Samples were taken from the litter and intestines. Samples were collected after defecation in an aplastic sac (recording date and age). Techniques for sedimentation and flotation were used to analyse the materials. The different diagnostic stages detected by microscopic examination were measured by an eyepiece micrometre.
There is no coccoidal output in all groups one day before infection. However, the infection was appeared at 5 days of infection in all groups except GA3 and GB3.The infection show more severity in group GB1 and GB2.After 10 days post infection, it was observed that the infection was eliminated in GA1, GA2 and GB1.
Five chickens in each group were humanely killed at 27 and 32 days of age. After slaughtering, the target organ (intestine) was prepared for histopathological examination before examination under a light microscope. The histopathological alterations were mild and the parasitic stages were present with few numbers in vaccinated groups than non-vaccinated groups.