الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
BC is the leading cause of death in women worldwide and these deaths are mostly attributed to metastasis and high recurrence rate. Current studies estimated that by 2050, female BC is expected to reach 3.2 million new cases worldwide.
Emerging of cancer immunotherapy has opened the door on more studies on PD-L1 test. PD-L1 testing can check whether patients may benefit from a type of cancer treatment called immunotherapy that has fewer side effects than cancer chemotherapy.
The current retrospective study was carried out between January 2019 and December 2022 in the Pathology laboratory, Alexandria Main University Hospital. Thirty-five paraffin blocks of invasive breast cancer with positive axillary lymph nodes metastasis were retrieved from the department archives.
Immunohistochemical staining by PD-L1 was done on both primary tumor and its paired metastatic lymph node. Membranous staining of tumor cells was considered as positive signal. Using image analysis software, tumor proportion score was evaluated and >1% positivity was considered as a positive result. The results of both primary and metastatic tumor cells were assessed.