الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egyptian agricultural water is overwhelmed with several constraints and challenges due to
climate changes; and political issues, as well as lack information regarding the optimal uses and
appropriate techniques. On the other hands, Egypt developed a national strategy for sustainable
agricultural development up to 2030 (SADS-2030).
Center pivot irrigation systems have the majority in the all promised agricultural projects
in Egypt. On the other hands, it is so difficult to maintain, especially if the farm has more than two
units. It gets chaotic and expensive. However, numerous center pivot devices with two operators
monitor and operate them. Since they have to examine every part (gearbox, gearmotor, tires, and
more) of each device, they can only find errors after they happen. Fixed damage after a gadget
malfunction or accident will take time and money, which could lead to excess or unanticipated
costs.
The main goal of this study was to design; build up and monitor the hard part of this process
and make it a lot easier with early error detection that illustrates normal vital readings of a device
and warns the operator to start any needed process that can prevent a malfunction or crash of the
center pivot. from the abovementioned, the aims of this study were to: Design, build, verify, and
validate a smart real-time system for monitoring the factors that affect the operation of the
mechanical parts of a center pivot irrigation system; Investigate the developed real-time smart
system under field conditions; and build, verify, and validate an IoT program for monitoring the
efficiency of the mechanical parts of a center pivot irrigation system.
Problem detection and monitoring systems used the most common NTC thermistors. Metal
oxide or ceramic is heated and compressed to make NTC thermistors. charge carriers allow
conductor current. High temperatures release semiconductor charge carriers. NTC ferric oxide
thermistors employ electrons. Nickel oxide NTC thermistors carry charge via electron holes. Oil
level sensor prisms reflect light to the phototransistor, generating a strong signal. The receiver
transistor switches on when the sensor is not submerged in oil, providing a ”logic level” output
that approximates sensor power voltage. Oil-soaked sensors turn off transistors, generating 0 volts.
An industrial optical sensor with prism-covered IR transceiver was employed. Prisms in liquid
refract light to the liquid, giving the receiver minimum light and logic 0. Without liquid, light
internally reflects, giving the receiver light and logic. 1. The TPMS continuously monitors vehicle
tire pressure and alarms when it exceeds or goes below the standard range. All sensors were on
Tower/Central Node Board. Center Pivot control panels on tower/central node boards include two
ESP32 microcontrollers. All towers convey essential data to the device’s main board, which
connects to the cloud server online. Remote controls exist. Each node board was tested for
sensitivity in the lab and field. Egypt’s Ismailia Governorate hosted field experiments. The valley
center pivot irrigation system was studied. Five spans (two center pivot tower field experiments);
48-meter spans; 240-meter pivots; Pivot: Used; Galvanized pipe. The studied central pivot was
30°26’51.94”N, 31°50’16.71”E. Operators monitored gear motor and gear box oil temperatures and
levels at towers (1 and 2) to assess performance efficiency. To assess inflation efficiency, each
tower’s tire pressure was recorded.