الفهرس 
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Abstract
This current study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary formulas on restoring antioxidant levels in rats that injected by nicotine. The study was performed on a total of 50 male albino rats weighing (150±10g) each. Rats were fed on normal (basal) diet, and water was provided by means of glass tubes. The animals were divided into 10 equal groups (5 rats for each group), one group was kept as a (C-ve) group, other 9 groups were injected with nicotine (0.25 mg/kg of rat’s body weight per day) subcutaneously for 7 days. All rats were fed on basal diet for a week before the beginning of experiments for adaptation and divided into ten equal groups (n= 45rats) as the following:
First main group: (Normal Rats)
group 1: Control group (control negative) (-ve) 5 rats were fed basal diet for 30 days.
Second main group: Rats injected with nicotine (0.25 mg/kg of rat’s body weight per day) subcutaneously for 7 days at the beginning of the experiment:
group 2: Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet and used as a control positive group (+ve).
group (3): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 5% powder of prickly pear seeds, sunflower seeds & celery seeds (1:1:1), (5 rats).
group (4): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 10% powder of prickly pear seeds, sunflower seeds & celery seeds (1:1:1), (5 rats).
group (5): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 5% powder of prickly pear germinated seeds, sunflower germinated seeds & celery germinated seeds (1:1:1) (5 rats).
group (6): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 10% powder of prickly pear germinated seeds, sunflower germinated seeds & celery germinated seeds (1:1:1) (5 rats).
group (7): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 5% powder of cape gooseberry fruits, carob fruits & doum fruits (1:1:1) (5 rats).
group (8): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 10% powder of cape gooseberry fruits, carob fruits & doum fruits (1:1:1) (5 rats).
group (9): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 5% powder of prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves (1:1:1) (5 rats).
group (10): Rats injected with nicotine and fed on basal diet containing 10% powder of prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves (1:1:1) (5 rats).
At the end of experimental period (30 days), blood samples were collected to determine the following parameters: Antioxidant parameters (SOD, GPx, CAT & MDA), serum CRP, serum glucose, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), lipid profile (TC, TG, HDLc, LDLc & VLDLc), kidney functions parameters (urea, uric acid and creatinine) and haematological parameters (Hb, RBC, WBC & PLt).
Liver, kidney, heart, spleen and lungs were removed, cleaned in saline solution and wiped then weighed. Lungs were kept in formalin solution for histopathological examination.
Results of the present study revealed the following:
1. There were significant decrease in BWG, FI and FER of rats injected with nicotine control (+) group, while rats injected by nicotine and fed on tested plants had significant increases in BWG, FI and FER.
2. Rats fed on group 10 (rats fed on basal diet +10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves) showed the best results as for BWG, FI and FER of nicotine injected rats.
3. There were significant increases in heart and spleen weights and decrease in liver, kidneys and lungs weights of rats injected with nicotine as compared to control (-) group.
4. Concerning nicotine injected rats the best treatments for weight of liver obtained for group 5 (rats fed on basal diet containing 5% prickly pear germinated seeds, sunflower germinated seeds & celery germinated seeds). The best treatments for weight of kidneys obtained for group 4 (rats fed on basal diet containing 10% prickly pear seeds, sunflower seeds & celery seeds). The best treatments for weight of lungs obtained for G5 which fed on (prickly pear germinated seeds, sunflower germinated seeds & celery germinated seeds) (5%).
5. Regarding the best treatments for heart and spleen weight recorded for group 10 (rats fed on basal diet containing 10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves).
6. Nicotine injected rat’s revealed appreciable reduction in serum antioxidant parameters SOD, GPx & CAT, which was raised when injected rats fed on plant diets.
7. Highest increase of SOD, GPx & CAT activities was found in serum of rats fed on (basal diet containing 10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves) (group 10).
8. MDA activities increased markedly in the serum of nicotine injected rats. Feeding on plant diets of present work reversed such a change. Best group was that fed on diet containing 5% (prickly pear seeds, sunflower seeds & celery seeds) (group 3), showing lowest MDA value.
9. Injection of nicotine raised the level of serum CRP level, which was reduced when injected rats fed on plant diets, especially of 10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves (group 10).
10. There were significant increases in serum glucose in the rats injected by nicotine as compared to (control -ve) normal rats. Rats given nicotine and fed on all tested diets had significant decreases in serum glucose. rats fed on basal diet + 10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves (G10) had recorded the best result as compared to control (+) group.
11. Nicotine injection affected the kidneys function giving rise to serum creatinine, urea and uric acid while feeding on tested diets reversed this change.
12. Best sample for (creatinine, urea and uric acid in serum) recorded for group (10) due to maximum decrease of kidneys function.
13. Injection of nicotine rose appreciably and significantly the (TC) and (TG), which was decreased when injected rats fed on tested diets. Best group was group 10 (rats fed on basal diet +10% prickly pear peel, cabbage leaves & celery leaves).
14. Nicotine injected rat’s revealed reduction in serum HDL, which was raised when injected rats fed on plant diets. Highest increase of HDL was found in serum of rats fed on (prickly pear peel + cabbage leaves +celery leaves) 10% (group 10).
15. LDLc and VLDLc were increased due to injection of nicotine, but decreased markedly when injected rats fed on tested formulas specially the (prickly pear peel + cabbage leaves +celery leaves) 10% diet (group 10).
16. All the variable treatments investigated in the present work improved the level of AI. It could be noticed that better treatment was recorded for group 4 (rats fed on diet contained 10% prickly pear seeds + sunflower seeds + celery seeds).