الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to find out whether there is a relation between the degree of albuminuria and some of the concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among children attending the Alexandria University Children’s Hospital; namely, hypertension, anemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperlipidemia/ dyslipidemia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine such relation in children with CKD.
The study included 50 children with CKD stages 2-5, and aged 3-14 years. We excluded children with familial dyslipidemia or other causes of hypertension, and those on dialysis, corticosteroids,or immunosuppressive drugs.
Data were obtained from the patients and their files. All participants were subjected to full history and medical examination emphasizing the anthropometric measurements and blood pressure measurement. The laboratory investigations at the time of the study included: serum creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, bicarbonate and albumin; hemoglobin level, lipid profile; and albumin/creatinine ratio and protein/ creatinine ratio in spot urine. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by Schwartz formula.
The following results were obtained:
• The mean age of the patients was 8.7± 3.4 years.
• The male: female ratio was 1.94: 1.
• In the great majority (84%) of the patients the cause of CKD was non-glomerular. Half of these (42%) were due to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, with posterior uretheral valves being the most common (28%). In only 16%, the cause was glomerular, with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome being the commonest (12%).
• The great majority (74%) of the patients had moderate-severe CKD (stages 3B through 5).
• The mean eGFR was 34.2± 19.8 mL/min/1.73 m2.
• The great majority (80%) of the patients were receiving medications.
• Half of the patients were short and 24% of them were underweight (BMI below 5the percentile).
• Hypertension was present in 28% of the patients.
• Dyslipidemia was found in the majority (62%) of the patients, metabolic acidosis in 54%, anemia in 38%, hypoalbuminemia in 38%, hyperphosphatemia in 34% and hypocalcemia in 22% of the patients.
• The great majority (78%) of the patients had proteinuria, this was in the nephrotic range in 28% of them.
• The great majority (88%) of the patients had albuminuria, this was microalbuminuria in 26% and macroalbuminuria in 62% of them
• Statistically significant relation was found between the degree of both albuminuria and proteinuria, and the presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia.
• No statistically significant relation was found between the degree of both albuminuria and proteinuria, and the presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia or acidosis.
• Statistically significant relation was found between the stage of CKD and the degree of proteinuria.
• No significant relation was found between the stage of CKD and the presence of the complications studied.
from the aforementioned results, it was concluded that:
1- Dyslipidemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypertension are very prevalent complications among our children with chronic kidney disease.
2- Growth retardation and protein-energy wasting are very common among our CKD patients.
3- Albuminuria and proteinuria are present in the great majority of our patients, and both are severe in a significant percentage of them.
4- Significant relation was found between the degree of both albuminuria and proteinuria, and the presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia.
5- No significant relation was found between the degree of both albuminuria and proteinuria, and the presence of hypertension, dylipidemia, or acidosis.