الفهرس 
Research Tools, Data and MethodologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Development of the coastal zone is important tourism and economic activity in coastal cities. To reduce the quantity of wave energy that strikes the coast, this coastal zone development may involve human intervention, such as the building of coastal defense buildings. Engineering tools for predicting a long term reaction of beaches include equilibrium beach formulations. They are used to assess how human interference (ports, breakwaters, protection works, etc.) has affected the shoreline reaction since they define the final orientation of a beach on a time scale of years.