الفهرس 
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Abstract
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the
resulting smoke is breathed and absorbed into the bloodstream. Smoking
can be done by many methods as; cigarette smoking, hookah smoking,
cigar and pipe smoking, electronic cigarettes, chewing tobacco, low-tar
cigarettes, nicotine patches, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler, and
heated tobacco products.
The smoking index is a unit for measuring cigarette consumption
over a long period and is calculated using the following formula:
smoking index = CPD × years of tobacco use. Smoking index categories
were non-smokers, mild smokers ≤200, moderate smokers >200 and ≤
400, and heavy smokers > 400.
Cigarette smoking was observed to alter FSH, LH, Prolactin, total
and free testosterone. These reproductive hormones have been known for
their important roles in maintaining spermatogenesis, which could
influence semen quality and cause sub‑fertility by influencing the level
of these hormones (Jeng et al., 2014)
Tobacco smoke contains several toxic and mutagenic substances,
including nicotine, a psychoactive substance. Nicotine and its metabolite,
cotinine, can cross the blood-testis barrier, which subsequently causes
harm of diverse degrees to the germ cells. Tobacco smoke has been
reported to cause not only a decrease in sperm motility (although
controversial), sperm concentration, and an increase in abnormal sperm
morphology but also abnormal protein expression, and both genetic and
epigenetic aberrations in spermatozoa (Omolaoye et al., 2022)
This work aimed to study the effect of heavy cigarette smoking on
male reproduction through measuring the changes in seminogram and
hormones of reproduction; FSH, LH, prolactin, total and free
testosterone, and comparing those parameters to those in males who
never smoked.
The present study was carried out on a total number of 40 adult
males aging from 30-50 years; they were divided into two groups: group
A included 20 males who have a heavy smoking index (more than 400)
and group B included 20 males who never smokes.
All subjects were subjected to full history taking, complete general
and local examination, for signs of androgenization, 2ry sex
characteristics, body built as well the examination of testes (for size and
consistency), penis, spermatic cords, and scrotum.
For all individuals; semen analysis was done & blood sample was
obtained to measure serum FSH, LH, prolactin, and total & free
testosterone levels.