الفهرس 
NTRODUCTION and RATIONALEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. The present study was designed as a non-systematic review about ADHD identifying causes and evaluation of solutions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of ADHD.
The present study showed that:
ADHD is an NDD with a complex etiology. While its main cause is alterations in neurodevelopmental processes such as synaptogenesis, myelination, and neurogenesis, the causes of these neurodevelopmental alterations are diverse. In some cases, they might be associated with environmental factors such as premature birth, perinatal problems, nutrition during pregnancy, or exposure to heavy metals. Additionally, there is strong evidence of genetic influence on ADHD, and an interaction between environmental and genetic factors cannot be discarded.
Recently, the gut microbiome has been the subject of intense research as an ADHD-